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Grade 8 2022 - Muhsin Parker > Geography Exam 11 November > Flashcards

Geography Exam 11 November Flashcards

1
Q

Conversions

A

1m = 100cm
1km = 1000m
1km = 100 000cm

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2
Q

To convert cm to km on a 1: 50 000 map what do you need to do

A

You need to divide by 2
Eg.

10cm on the map —> 5km
÷2

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3
Q

Exercise 1
1: 50 000 map
Covert the following

4cm
4.5cm
3cm
14cm
16.8cm

A

2km
2.25km
1.5km
7km
8.4km

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4
Q

How to work out area

A

A = length x bredth

Note: You must convert before you multiply

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5
Q

What is direction

A

Direction is always given to where you are going

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6
Q

How do you work out Back bearing

A

Take the bearing and add or subtract 180

If it’s from 0 - 180 you add 180
If its 180 - 360 you subtract 180

TB = 20 BB = 200
TB = 240 BB = 60

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7
Q

What is the height difference between contour lines

A

20m

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8
Q

What are the 4 height indicators

A

Contour
Trig stations
Spot heights
Bench marks

Learn symbols

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9
Q

How do you know the direction that rivers are flowing

A

Tribatary
Contour:
Where the contour lines cross the river they point upstream (ie. The river flow s in the opposite direction)

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10
Q

On which side does water collect (in a dam)

A

On the upstream side

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11
Q

Where do rivers flow

A

Into the ocean

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12
Q

In what direction do tributaries flow

A

Tributaries flow down stream

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13
Q

How do you know the direction of the wind

A

Air ports and landing strips

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14
Q

Tip

A

Planes always take off and land into the wind

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15
Q

How do you tell wind direction

A

The wind is named by where it is coming from

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of street patterns

A

Radial
Grid
Irregular

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17
Q

What is a rural area

A

A rural area is an area that does primary activities

FFFM:

Fishing
Farming
Forestry
Mining

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18
Q

What is an urban area

A

An urban area - is an area that does secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

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19
Q

What are the 4 settlement types

A

Nucleated
Dispersed
Linear
Isolated

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20
Q

What are the 6 Land use zones

A

CBD
Transition zone
Residential areas
Industrial areas
Rural-Urban fringe
Green belts

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21
Q

What is urban decay

A

Urban decay → Process whereby a previously functioning city falls into disrepair.

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22
Q

What is invasion

A

Invasion → An instance of intrusion of another region.

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23
Q

What is succession

A

Succession → a number of similar kind following one after the other.

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24
Q

What is Gentrification

A

Gentrification → renovating or improving a house so it can be a middle-class standard.

25
Chelseafication
Chelseafication → Improving or renewing.
26
What happens in the CBD
Area of greatest accessibility Most important function is commerce Area of highest land values and tallest buildings Congestion and pollution were major problems but there has been a migration of a number of functions to the suburbs e.g. Maskew Miller (Pinelands) High order functions Experiences urban decay, and urban renewal.
27
What happens in the transition zone
An area on the edge of the city centre e.g. District Six, Woodstock Zone of urban decay. It is normally an area of dilapidation, rundown buildings and slum areas (people in lower-income groups) Process of invasion and succession occurs here Land Values are high This area will be developed once the city centre starts to expand It is a multifunctional area e.g. small factories, warehouses, slum dwellings, second hand car sales Zone of urban renewal projects including Gentrification, and Chelseafication.
28
What happens in Residential areas
High income on desirable land-good views close to parks, away from industries as high-income residential land use is not compatible with industry. Low density - large homes on large properties. Middle income - smaller properties on smaller plots Low income - close to CBD, high density, multistory flats or semi-detached houses Informal settlements - on the outskirts of the city, on open spaces within the city. Few services and overcrowding. Ghettos - racial and religious segregation zone near the city, these are deprived areas e.g. Haarlem, New York Recent developments: cluster developments - high density - middle/high income; golf estates, gated/boom communities - middle/high income, luxurious apartment blocks close to/ within the CBD - high income.
29
What happens in the industrial areas
Heavy industry - away from residential areas, along main bulk transport routes (canals, rivers near harbours), large space, cheaper land, much pollution and noise, for example, iron and steel factories Light industry - in transition zone, along transport routes, less noise and pollution, may be closer to residential areas, e.g. clothing factories Industrial parks or estates - a number of light industry factories grouped together - within the transition zone or towards the edge of the city. Mutually interdependent centrally located with easy access to clothing and jewelry stores e.g. Salt River, Woodstock.
30
What happens in the Rural-urban fringe
On the outskirts of the urban area Mixed land use - rural functions such as nurseries, quarries and urban functions such as golf courses, airports, planned regional shopping centers. Urban workers can live outside the city and yet still retain daily contact with it Small farms sold for development into housing estates Becomes more urban as urban growth and urban sprawl occurs
31
What is in the green belts
Areas of parks and recreation within the city . Are the 'lungs' of the city, using CO₂ and giving off Oz, help to reduce the 'Heat island' effect.
32
How many degrees is 1 hour
15
33
Where is SA (in degrees)
30 degrees East
34
What is SAST
South African Standard Time
35
How do you calculate the time
Take the difference in longitude Divide by 15 If the place is East you add the hours If its west subtract the hours W + W = subtract E + E = subtract W + E = Add
36
What is weather
The conditions in the atmosphere at a certain time, at a specific place
37
What is Climate
Generalisation about an average weather conditions in an area
38
What is a synoptic chart
Weather map. To produce a synoptic chart they need to measure the atmospheric condition
39
What is the atmospheric condition include
Temperature Wind speed Precipitation Cloud cover Wind direction Humidity Air pressure Sunshine
40
True or false Air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather
True air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather
41
Is high-pressure sinking or Rising air
High pressure is sinking air
42
Is low-pressure sinking or rising air
Low pressure is rising air
43
True or false Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
True
44
What is relative humidity
Relative humidity is how much moisture the air can hold at a certain temperature Hot air can hold more moisture
45
What instruments is used to measure the following elements Temperature Humidity. Rainfall. Wind speed. Air pressure. Sunshine. Wind direction. Cloud cover
Thermometer hygrometer Range anemometer Fortin barometer mercury barometer and aneroid barometer sunshine recorder eye windsock /wind Vane
46
What is the unit of measure for the following Temperature Humidity. Rainfall. Wind speed. Air pressure. Sunshine. Wind direction. Cloud cover
Degrees Celsius Percentage Mm to inches Metres per second/kmph Hectopascals (hPa) Millie bars (MB) Percentage Fractions (8th) Direction from which the wind is blowing
47
How is wind told
When is told from where it comes from Hint: planes take off and land into the wind
48
What are the three triggers of rain
Convection rain Frontal rain Relief /orthographic Rain Check-in book for drawings They remember airport is also weather station
49
Examples of rainfall
Frontal: Cape Town Convection: Johannesburg Relief: Drakensberg
50
Factors that influence temperature
1) Latitude-directories-equator-small area Oblique does iron pills have an heat large area 2) Altitude-the higher you go the colder it gets Reason: the air is thinner (1 degrees Celsius per 100m) 3) distance to the sea-coastal towns- Maritime climate Small temperature range of a mild summer-cool winter Inland towns - continental climate large temperature range - hot summer - cold winter 4) ocean currents- Mozambique's current increased temperature Benguela current decreases temperature 5) Aspect
51
What is aspect
The relationship between the sun's rays and the angle with the surface of the Earth Southern Hemisphere - north-facing slopes are warmer Northern Hemisphere - southern facing slopes warmer
52
Extra notes
Southern Easterly wind is called Cape doctor Occurs in the summer North Westerly wind brings winter rain to Cape Town
53
Lookin book for symbols on weather stations
This includes cloud cover wind direction and wind speed temperature dew point and weather symbols
54
Why does wind not go in a straight line
The Earth spins which cause wind not to go in a straight line
55
What is a high-pressure and low-pressure called and in which direction does it blow
High pressure-anticyclone (anti-clockwise) Low pressure-cyclone (clockwise)
56
What is the difference of pressure equal to
Different pressure = pressure gradient Force [ P.G.F. ] " wind" The bigger difference in pressure the stronger the wind
57
What is the average air pressure?
Average air pressure = 1013 Hectopascals High air pressure = 1024 hectopascals Low air pressure = +- 1004 Hectopascal's
58
Check out how to draw the synoptic chart for summer and winter as well as the extra drawings
as well as the extra drawings

Grade 8 2022 - Muhsin Parker (5 decks)

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