Geography Exam 11 November Flashcards
Conversions
1m = 100cm
1km = 1000m
1km = 100 000cm
To convert cm to km on a 1: 50 000 map what do you need to do
You need to divide by 2
Eg.
10cm on the map —> 5km
÷2
Exercise 1
1: 50 000 map
Covert the following
4cm
4.5cm
3cm
14cm
16.8cm
2km
2.25km
1.5km
7km
8.4km
How to work out area
A = length x bredth
Note: You must convert before you multiply
What is direction
Direction is always given to where you are going
How do you work out Back bearing
Take the bearing and add or subtract 180
If it’s from 0 - 180 you add 180
If its 180 - 360 you subtract 180
TB = 20 BB = 200
TB = 240 BB = 60
What is the height difference between contour lines
20m
What are the 4 height indicators
Contour
Trig stations
Spot heights
Bench marks
Learn symbols
How do you know the direction that rivers are flowing
Tribatary
Contour:
Where the contour lines cross the river they point upstream (ie. The river flow s in the opposite direction)
On which side does water collect (in a dam)
On the upstream side
Where do rivers flow
Into the ocean
In what direction do tributaries flow
Tributaries flow down stream
How do you know the direction of the wind
Air ports and landing strips
Tip
Planes always take off and land into the wind
How do you tell wind direction
The wind is named by where it is coming from
What are the 3 types of street patterns
Radial
Grid
Irregular
What is a rural area
A rural area is an area that does primary activities
FFFM:
Fishing
Farming
Forestry
Mining
What is an urban area
An urban area - is an area that does secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.
What are the 4 settlement types
Nucleated
Dispersed
Linear
Isolated
What are the 6 Land use zones
CBD
Transition zone
Residential areas
Industrial areas
Rural-Urban fringe
Green belts
What is urban decay
Urban decay → Process whereby a previously functioning city falls into disrepair.
What is invasion
Invasion → An instance of intrusion of another region.
What is succession
Succession → a number of similar kind following one after the other.
What is Gentrification
Gentrification → renovating or improving a house so it can be a middle-class standard.
Chelseafication
Chelseafication → Improving or renewing.
What happens in the CBD
Area of greatest accessibility
Most important function is commerce
Area of highest land values and tallest buildings
Congestion and pollution were major problems but there has been a migration of a number of functions to the suburbs e.g. Maskew Miller (Pinelands)
High order functions
Experiences urban decay, and urban renewal.
What happens in the transition zone
An area on the edge of the city centre e.g. District Six, Woodstock
Zone of urban decay. It is normally an area of dilapidation, rundown buildings and slum areas (people in lower-income groups)
Process of invasion and succession occurs here Land Values are high
This area will be developed once the city centre starts to expand It is a multifunctional area e.g. small factories, warehouses, slum dwellings, second hand car sales
Zone of urban renewal projects including Gentrification, and Chelseafication.
What happens in Residential areas
High income on desirable land-good views close to parks, away from industries as high-income residential land use is not compatible with industry. Low density - large homes on large properties.
Middle income - smaller properties on smaller plots
Low income - close to CBD, high density, multistory flats or semi-detached houses Informal settlements - on the outskirts of the city, on open spaces within the city.
Few services and overcrowding.
Ghettos - racial and religious segregation zone near the city, these are deprived areas e.g. Haarlem, New York
Recent developments: cluster developments - high density - middle/high income; golf estates, gated/boom communities - middle/high income, luxurious apartment blocks close to/ within the CBD - high income.
What happens in the industrial areas
Heavy industry - away from residential areas, along main bulk transport routes (canals, rivers near harbours), large space, cheaper land, much pollution and noise, for example, iron and steel factories
Light industry - in transition zone, along transport routes, less noise and pollution, may be closer to residential areas, e.g. clothing factories
Industrial parks or estates - a number of light industry factories grouped together - within the transition zone or towards the edge of the city. Mutually interdependent centrally located with easy access to clothing and jewelry stores e.g. Salt River, Woodstock.
What happens in the Rural-urban fringe
On the outskirts of the urban area
Mixed land use - rural functions such as nurseries, quarries and urban functions such as golf courses, airports, planned regional shopping centers.
Urban workers can live outside the city and yet still retain daily contact with it
Small farms sold for development into housing estates Becomes more urban as urban growth and urban sprawl occurs
What is in the green belts
Areas of parks and recreation within the city
. Are the ‘lungs’ of the city, using CO₂ and giving off Oz, help to reduce the ‘Heat island’ effect.
How many degrees is 1 hour
15
Where is SA (in degrees)
30 degrees East
What is SAST
South African Standard Time
How do you calculate the time
Take the difference in longitude
Divide by 15
If the place is East you add the hours
If its west subtract the hours
W + W = subtract
E + E = subtract
W + E = Add
What is weather
The conditions in the atmosphere at a certain time, at a specific place
What is Climate
Generalisation about an average weather conditions in an area
What is a synoptic chart
Weather map.
To produce a synoptic chart they need to measure the atmospheric condition
What is the atmospheric condition include
Temperature
Wind speed
Precipitation
Cloud cover
Wind direction
Humidity
Air pressure
Sunshine
True or false
Air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather
True air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather
Is high-pressure sinking or Rising air
High pressure is sinking air
Is low-pressure sinking or rising air
Low pressure is rising air
True or false
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
True
What is relative humidity
Relative humidity is how much moisture the air can hold at a certain temperature
Hot air can hold more moisture
What instruments is used to measure the following elements
Temperature
Humidity.
Rainfall.
Wind speed.
Air pressure.
Sunshine.
Wind direction.
Cloud cover
Thermometer
hygrometer
Range
anemometer
Fortin barometer mercury barometer and aneroid barometer
sunshine recorder
eye
windsock /wind Vane
What is the unit of measure for the following
Temperature
Humidity.
Rainfall.
Wind speed.
Air pressure.
Sunshine.
Wind direction.
Cloud cover
Degrees Celsius
Percentage
Mm to inches
Metres per second/kmph
Hectopascals (hPa) Millie bars (MB)
Percentage
Fractions (8th)
Direction from which the wind is blowing
How is wind told
When is told from where it comes from
Hint: planes take off and land into the wind
What are the three triggers of rain
Convection rain
Frontal rain
Relief /orthographic Rain
Check-in book for drawings
They remember airport is also weather station
Examples of rainfall
Frontal: Cape Town
Convection: Johannesburg
Relief: Drakensberg
Factors that influence temperature
1) Latitude-directories-equator-small area
Oblique does iron pills have an heat large area
2) Altitude-the higher you go the colder it gets
Reason: the air is thinner (1 degrees Celsius per 100m)
3) distance to the sea-coastal towns-
Maritime climate
Small temperature range of a mild summer-cool winter
Inland towns - continental climate
large temperature range - hot summer - cold winter
4) ocean currents-
Mozambique’s current increased temperature
Benguela current decreases temperature
5) Aspect
What is aspect
The relationship between the sun’s rays and the angle with the surface of the Earth
Southern Hemisphere - north-facing slopes are warmer
Northern Hemisphere - southern facing slopes warmer
Extra notes
Southern Easterly wind is called Cape doctor
Occurs in the summer
North Westerly wind brings winter rain to Cape Town
Lookin book for symbols on weather stations
This includes cloud cover wind direction and wind speed temperature dew point and weather symbols
Why does wind not go in a straight line
The Earth spins which cause wind not to go in a straight line
What is a high-pressure and low-pressure called and in which direction does it blow
High pressure-anticyclone (anti-clockwise)
Low pressure-cyclone (clockwise)
What is the difference of pressure equal to
Different pressure = pressure gradient Force [ P.G.F. ]
“ wind”
The bigger difference in pressure the stronger the wind
What is the average air pressure?
Average air pressure = 1013 Hectopascals
High air pressure = 1024 hectopascals
Low air pressure = +- 1004 Hectopascal’s
Check out how to draw the synoptic chart for summer and winter as well as the extra drawings
as well as the extra drawings
