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Grade 8 2022 - Muhsin Parker > Geography Exam 11 November > Flashcards

Geography Exam 11 November Flashcards

1
Q

Conversions

A

1m = 100cm
1km = 1000m
1km = 100 000cm

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2
Q

To convert cm to km on a 1: 50 000 map what do you need to do

A

You need to divide by 2
Eg.

10cm on the map —> 5km
÷2

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3
Q

Exercise 1
1: 50 000 map
Covert the following

4cm
4.5cm
3cm
14cm
16.8cm

A

2km
2.25km
1.5km
7km
8.4km

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4
Q

How to work out area

A

A = length x bredth

Note: You must convert before you multiply

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5
Q

What is direction

A

Direction is always given to where you are going

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6
Q

How do you work out Back bearing

A

Take the bearing and add or subtract 180

If it’s from 0 - 180 you add 180
If its 180 - 360 you subtract 180

TB = 20 BB = 200
TB = 240 BB = 60

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7
Q

What is the height difference between contour lines

A

20m

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8
Q

What are the 4 height indicators

A

Contour
Trig stations
Spot heights
Bench marks

Learn symbols

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9
Q

How do you know the direction that rivers are flowing

A

Tribatary
Contour:
Where the contour lines cross the river they point upstream (ie. The river flow s in the opposite direction)

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10
Q

On which side does water collect (in a dam)

A

On the upstream side

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11
Q

Where do rivers flow

A

Into the ocean

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12
Q

In what direction do tributaries flow

A

Tributaries flow down stream

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13
Q

How do you know the direction of the wind

A

Air ports and landing strips

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14
Q

Tip

A

Planes always take off and land into the wind

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15
Q

How do you tell wind direction

A

The wind is named by where it is coming from

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of street patterns

A

Radial
Grid
Irregular

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17
Q

What is a rural area

A

A rural area is an area that does primary activities

FFFM:

Fishing
Farming
Forestry
Mining

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18
Q

What is an urban area

A

An urban area - is an area that does secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities.

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19
Q

What are the 4 settlement types

A

Nucleated
Dispersed
Linear
Isolated

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20
Q

What are the 6 Land use zones

A

CBD
Transition zone
Residential areas
Industrial areas
Rural-Urban fringe
Green belts

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21
Q

What is urban decay

A

Urban decay → Process whereby a previously functioning city falls into disrepair.

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22
Q

What is invasion

A

Invasion → An instance of intrusion of another region.

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23
Q

What is succession

A

Succession → a number of similar kind following one after the other.

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24
Q

What is Gentrification

A

Gentrification → renovating or improving a house so it can be a middle-class standard.

25
Q

Chelseafication

A

Chelseafication → Improving or renewing.

26
Q

What happens in the CBD

A

Area of greatest accessibility

Most important function is commerce

Area of highest land values and tallest buildings

Congestion and pollution were major problems but there has been a migration of a number of functions to the suburbs e.g. Maskew Miller (Pinelands)

High order functions

Experiences urban decay, and urban renewal.

27
Q

What happens in the transition zone

A

An area on the edge of the city centre e.g. District Six, Woodstock

Zone of urban decay. It is normally an area of dilapidation, rundown buildings and slum areas (people in lower-income groups)

Process of invasion and succession occurs here Land Values are high

This area will be developed once the city centre starts to expand It is a multifunctional area e.g. small factories, warehouses, slum dwellings, second hand car sales

Zone of urban renewal projects including Gentrification, and Chelseafication.

28
Q

What happens in Residential areas

A

High income on desirable land-good views close to parks, away from industries as high-income residential land use is not compatible with industry. Low density - large homes on large properties.

Middle income - smaller properties on smaller plots

Low income - close to CBD, high density, multistory flats or semi-detached houses Informal settlements - on the outskirts of the city, on open spaces within the city.
Few services and overcrowding.

Ghettos - racial and religious segregation zone near the city, these are deprived areas e.g. Haarlem, New York

Recent developments: cluster developments - high density - middle/high income; golf estates, gated/boom communities - middle/high income, luxurious apartment blocks close to/ within the CBD - high income.

29
Q

What happens in the industrial areas

A

Heavy industry - away from residential areas, along main bulk transport routes (canals, rivers near harbours), large space, cheaper land, much pollution and noise, for example, iron and steel factories

Light industry - in transition zone, along transport routes, less noise and pollution, may be closer to residential areas, e.g. clothing factories

Industrial parks or estates - a number of light industry factories grouped together - within the transition zone or towards the edge of the city. Mutually interdependent centrally located with easy access to clothing and jewelry stores e.g. Salt River, Woodstock.

30
Q

What happens in the Rural-urban fringe

A

On the outskirts of the urban area

Mixed land use - rural functions such as nurseries, quarries and urban functions such as golf courses, airports, planned regional shopping centers.

Urban workers can live outside the city and yet still retain daily contact with it

Small farms sold for development into housing estates Becomes more urban as urban growth and urban sprawl occurs

31
Q

What is in the green belts

A

Areas of parks and recreation within the city

. Are the ‘lungs’ of the city, using CO₂ and giving off Oz, help to reduce the ‘Heat island’ effect.

32
Q

How many degrees is 1 hour

A

15

33
Q

Where is SA (in degrees)

A

30 degrees East

34
Q

What is SAST

A

South African Standard Time

35
Q

How do you calculate the time

A

Take the difference in longitude
Divide by 15
If the place is East you add the hours
If its west subtract the hours

W + W = subtract
E + E = subtract
W + E = Add

36
Q

What is weather

A

The conditions in the atmosphere at a certain time, at a specific place

37
Q

What is Climate

A

Generalisation about an average weather conditions in an area

38
Q

What is a synoptic chart

A

Weather map.
To produce a synoptic chart they need to measure the atmospheric condition

39
Q

What is the atmospheric condition include

A

Temperature
Wind speed
Precipitation
Cloud cover
Wind direction
Humidity
Air pressure
Sunshine

40
Q

True or false

Air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather

A

True air pressure is the most important Factor for predicting the weather

41
Q

Is high-pressure sinking or Rising air

A

High pressure is sinking air

42
Q

Is low-pressure sinking or rising air

A

Low pressure is rising air

43
Q

True or false
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

A

True

44
Q

What is relative humidity

A

Relative humidity is how much moisture the air can hold at a certain temperature

Hot air can hold more moisture

45
Q

What instruments is used to measure the following elements

Temperature
Humidity.
Rainfall.
Wind speed.
Air pressure.
Sunshine.
Wind direction.
Cloud cover

A

Thermometer

hygrometer

Range

anemometer

Fortin barometer mercury barometer and aneroid barometer

sunshine recorder

eye

windsock /wind Vane

46
Q

What is the unit of measure for the following

Temperature
Humidity.
Rainfall.
Wind speed.
Air pressure.
Sunshine.
Wind direction.
Cloud cover

A

Degrees Celsius
Percentage
Mm to inches
Metres per second/kmph
Hectopascals (hPa) Millie bars (MB)
Percentage
Fractions (8th)
Direction from which the wind is blowing

47
Q

How is wind told

A

When is told from where it comes from

Hint: planes take off and land into the wind

48
Q

What are the three triggers of rain

A

Convection rain
Frontal rain
Relief /orthographic Rain

Check-in book for drawings
They remember airport is also weather station

49
Q

Examples of rainfall

A

Frontal: Cape Town
Convection: Johannesburg
Relief: Drakensberg

50
Q

Factors that influence temperature

A

1) Latitude-directories-equator-small area
Oblique does iron pills have an heat large area

2) Altitude-the higher you go the colder it gets
Reason: the air is thinner (1 degrees Celsius per 100m)

3) distance to the sea-coastal towns-
Maritime climate
Small temperature range of a mild summer-cool winter

Inland towns - continental climate
large temperature range - hot summer - cold winter

4) ocean currents-
Mozambique’s current increased temperature
Benguela current decreases temperature

5) Aspect

51
Q

What is aspect

A

The relationship between the sun’s rays and the angle with the surface of the Earth

Southern Hemisphere - north-facing slopes are warmer

Northern Hemisphere - southern facing slopes warmer

52
Q

Extra notes

A

Southern Easterly wind is called Cape doctor
Occurs in the summer
North Westerly wind brings winter rain to Cape Town

53
Q

Lookin book for symbols on weather stations

A

This includes cloud cover wind direction and wind speed temperature dew point and weather symbols

54
Q

Why does wind not go in a straight line

A

The Earth spins which cause wind not to go in a straight line

55
Q

What is a high-pressure and low-pressure called and in which direction does it blow

A

High pressure-anticyclone (anti-clockwise)
Low pressure-cyclone (clockwise)

56
Q

What is the difference of pressure equal to

A

Different pressure = pressure gradient Force [ P.G.F. ]
“ wind”

The bigger difference in pressure the stronger the wind

57
Q

What is the average air pressure?

A

Average air pressure = 1013 Hectopascals
High air pressure = 1024 hectopascals
Low air pressure = +- 1004 Hectopascal’s

58
Q

Check out how to draw the synoptic chart for summer and winter as well as the extra drawings

A

as well as the extra drawings

Grade 8 2022 - Muhsin Parker (5 decks)

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