English Exam 7 November Flashcards
Functions of the Capital Letter
Used at the beginning of a sentence
Used for proper nouns
Used for the main words in titles, and abbreviations of
proper nouns
Used for the pronoun “I”
Functions of the full stop
➡ Indicates the end of a sentence
➡Ends abbreviations when the last letter of
the abbreviation is not the same as the full
word
Functions of the Comma
Separates adjectives when two or more are used to describe the same noun
Separating adverbs
Separating items on a list
Separating direct and reported speech
Separating descriptions: Here commas are used as parentheses (brackets)
Functions of Question Mark?
Indicates a question
or expresses disbelief
Functions of Exclamation Mark
Shows an interjection, surprise or any other strong emotion (excitement, enthusiasm, amusement, surprise, anger, delight, etc.)
Functions of the Ellipsis…?
Ellipsis dots show where something has been omitted.
It Indicates a trailing off of thought or speech.
Indicates that the reader should use ones imagination to complete a sequence of events.
Ellipsis are useful for shortening long quotations.
(They should only be used in sets of 3)
Can be at the end of the sentence to show that the thought was incomplete. When this occurs, the full stop is the fourth dot.
Functions of the hyphen
Is used to link words to create compound words
Often these words are compound adjectives
Also used in names
Breaking words: the hyphen breaks a word that will not fit in completely at the end of a line. The word must always break in a logical position-between syllables.
The hyphen also helps with pronunciation when a prefix is added to a word that begins with the same letter as the last letter of the prefix
Eliminating ambiguity: hyphens also help us recognize when words should be compounded into a single idea.
Helping with meaning: the hyphen helps to distinguish words that have similar pronunciation but different meanings
Joins prefixes to words
Functions of The dash —
Although very similar looking to the hyphen, the dash does exactly the opposite
Where the hyphen joins the dash separates
The dash is a slightly longer line than the hyphen and most importantly is has blank space on either side - like this.
Functions of Inverted commas
These enclose direct speech
They are also called quotation marks
Functions of The colon
The colon introduces a list of items
It links two parts of the sentence by expanding the statement
Functions of The apostrophe ‘
Indicates contractions (the omission of a letter)
Indicates possession
The function of brackets ()
Brackets are used to insert explanations, corrections, clarifications, or comments into quoted material.
Brackets are always used in pairs; you must have both an opening and a closing bracket.
When to use a capital letter and the placement of punctuation marks in direct speech
The sentences below are there to show you when to use a capital letter and the placement of the punctuation marks.
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo.
“Blah blah blah?” said Mo.
“Blah blah blah!” said Mo.
Mo said, “Blah blah blah.”
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo, “blah blah blah.”
Interrupted sentence
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo. “Blah blah blah.”
Complete sentence
New Speaker = new line
Speech Punctuation rules
- Every time the speaker changes, start a new line.
- A speech sentence always starts with a CAPITAL letter!
- If the speech sentence is interrupted by “he said / she said”, then the continuation of the sentence will start with a small letter.
- Inverted commas follow the punctuation mark which opens or closes the spoken words.
- If one: quotes another’s words, refers to the title of a book or magazine or film, or refers to a nickname, then inverted commas must be used for these words. They must be separated from the words of the speaker as shown below.
What 4 groups can we put figures of speech into
➡Sounds-alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme
➡Comparisons- simile, metaphor, personification
➡Exaggeration and understatement-hyperbole, euphemisms, innuendo, climax and anti-climax
➡Opposites - irony, antithesis, oxymoron, paradox
What does figurative language do
Figurative language creates pictures in the mind of the reader or listener. These pictures help convey the meaning more vividly than words alone.
What is the difference between literal and figurative language
Figurative language is the opposite of literal language. Literal language means exactly what it says. Figurative language means something different to (and usually more than) what it says on the surface:
He ran fast. (literal)
He ran like the wind. (figurative)
What 4 sound devices are there
Alliteration
Assonance
Onomatpopoeia
Rhyme
What is the definition of Alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
What is the definition of Assonance
Rhyming of two or more vowel sounds within words.
What is the definition of Onomatopoeia
The immatation of sound
What is the definition of Rhyme
The repetition of similar sounding words.
What are some examples of each sound device
Alliteration
➡ Little Liza’s light
➡ Slithering snake
➡ Pride and Prejudice
Assonance
➡The great bay’s waves were white with silent
light.
Onomatopoeia Crunch Bang Crash Moo Plop
Rhyme Mr. Grumpledump's Song Everything's wrong, Days are too long, Sunshine's too hot, Wind is too strong. Clouds are too fluffy, Grass is too green, Ground is too dusty, Sheets are too clean. Stars are too twinkly, Moon is too high, Water's too drippy, Sand is too dry. Rocks are too heavy, Feathers too light, Kids are too noisy, Shoes are too tight. Folks are too happy, Singin' their songs.. Why can't they see it? Everything's wrong!
What is the effect of Alliteration
Pleasing sense of unity and harmony; imitating a sound.
What is the effect of Assonance
An internal rhyme that is musical and pleasing.
What is the effect of Onomatopoeia
Allows the reader to hear the sound.
What is the effect of Rhyme
Creates a lyrical quality.
What are the 3 comparisons
Simile
Metaphor
Personification
Definition of a Simile
A simile compares 2 things by using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Definition of a Metaphor
A comparison using a statement
Definition of Personification
Describes and inanimate object by giving it a human quality or characteristic of a living thing.
Examples of a simile
She was as sly as a fox. That knife is as sharp as a razor. He's as sick as a dog. It was as big as an elephant. He is as bright as a button. She's as cold as ice. It's as tough as an old boot. He's as good as gold.
Examples of a metaphor
The classroom was a zoo. The alligator's teeth are white daggers. She is a peacock. My teacher is a dragon. Mary's eyes were fireflies. The computers at school are old dinosaurs. He is a night owl. Maria is a chicken.
Examples of personification
Lightning danced across the sky.
The wind howled in the night.
The car complained as the key was roughly turned in its ignition.
Rita heard the last piece of pie calling her name.
What is enjambment
ENJAMBMENT or run-on lines occur in poetry where there is no punctuation at the end of a line. The poet’s thoughts remain unbroken. This creates an informal and conversational tone as well as making the
poem flow.
Example of enjambment
I am the speeding spark of light flung by God from the forge of Chaos. [End of sentence] I soar on wings swifter than wind above the paths of the pulsing stars. [ End of the second sentence in the poem]
Here is a list of commonly confused words
accommodation
altogether
acquire
a lot (always two words)
beginning
assessment
business
committee
conscience
definitely
disappear
embarrass
conscious
desperate
disappoint
environment
fulfil
gullible
immediately
equipped
government
humorous (but humour)
independent
neighbour
occurring
parallel
necessary
occasion
pronunciation
repetition
opportunity
professional
referring
restaurant
separate
What is a prefix
A prefix is a group of letters with a specific meaning, placed in front of a root word. Prefixes can also change the meaning of the words
EG: Bi cycle = bicycle
Read through prefixes and its definitions
on pg 35 - 36
What is a suffix
A suffix is a group of letters that is placed at the end of the word which influences the function of the word. They are used to form different parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
educate (verb) + -ion = education (noun)
educate (verb) + -ion + -al = educational (adjective) educate (verb) + -ion + -al+-ly = educationally (adverb)
What are some common uses for suffixes
To make nouns:
To make adverbs:
To make adjectives:
To make verbs:
Suffixes change adjectives
Masculine to feminine
Diminutives
Singular to plural
What is a noun
Nouns are naming words. They provide labels for ‘things’ that we find in our world: objects (Table Mountain), people (Mr Claassen), ideas and concepts (love and hate), places (Cape Town) and so on.
What are the 4 types of nouns
Common Noun
Propper Noun
Collective Noun
Abstract Noun
Give 5 examples of a Common Noun
Child Cat mountain shop king
Give 5 examples of a Propper Noun
Chad Everest Woolworths Shaka Zihao
Give 5 examples of a Collective Noun
A crew of sailors.
A band of musicians.
A crowd of people/spectators.
A team of players.
A troupe of artists/dancers.
A gang of workmen.
A congregation of worshippers.
A pack of thieves.
A staff of employees.
A regiment of soldiers.
Give 5 examples of an Abstract Noun
History Love Happiness Fear Hatred
What is a group of islands called
an archipelago of islands
What is a pronoun
These stand in place of noun:
What is an adjective
Describe or give us more information about the nouns to which they are attached. They help to give a sentence its interest and colour.
The blue cow
The massive red cock
What is a degree of comparison
Adjectives can be expressed in different degrees of intensity.
Give the superlative of
good
less
Depressed
Best
least
Most depressed
What is a verb
A doing or a being word
What is a finite verb
A finite verb has a Subject, tense and a number
Subject (who)
Tense (what tense)
Number (how many)
What is an auxilary verb
An auxiliary verb is a ‘helping’ verb (Afrikaans - ‘HULPwerkwoord’). An auxiliary verb helps to create a finite verb by adding tense and number.
auxiliary verb + non-finite verb = finite verb
Auxiliary verbs regulate the tense of the sentence: is was, will be. Common auxiliary verbs:
is, am, are, was, were
do, does, did
have has, had
❖ Depending on the sentence, the same verb can be auxiliary OR finite: He is captain of this B team but is hoping to become captain of the A-team soon. The first ‘is’ is finite, but the second ‘is’ is an auxiliary.
Why are auxiliary verbs important
Why do you need to know about auxiliary verbs?
so that you do not make the mistake of writing incomplete sentences.
Sitting next to the lake with the sun rising. x➡ This fragment sentence has no finite verb.
Mihle was sitting next to the lake with the sun rising. ✔ Add a subject: Mihle.
Add an auxiliary verb: was.
What is an adverb (in detail)
Words that change the verb are called adverbs. The main questions that will give you adverbs are
HOW?
This gives an adverb of MANNER.
WHEN? This gives an adverb of TIME.
WHERE? This gives an adverb of PLACE.
WHY?
This gives an adverb of REASON or PURPOSE.
What is a preposition
Prepositions are placed before nouns to describe the relationship between a noun and that verb.
What is a conjuction
These are joining words, for example although, and, but, when, or, before, after,
What is a sentence
A sentence is a group of words that makes sense. It expresses a complete idea and has a subject and a verb.
What 7 things can a subject be
a silent voice:
more than two nouns:
a pronoun:
two nouns:
a noun:
two pronouns:
a noun and a pronoun:
Important note about subjects
Sometimes a sentence is very complicated and you cannot find its subject easily: In every corner, in every cranny, under every bed and cupboard, lurked a gazook. In this type of sentence, the VERB is the key: Identify it, and then you will find that the subject
person or thing that performs the verb’s action.
What is an object
The key to a sentence, the verb, helps us to find the subject. It can also help us find some other parts of the sentence, such as the object.
A sentence often has an object, but not always.
How can you tell an indirect object from a direct object
You can always tell an indirect object from a direct object because you can always put ‘to’ in front of the indirect object without changing the meaning of the sentence. ‘My friend sold his iPod to me.’
What is a root of a word
Roots are basic parts of words which are from other, older languages. For English, these are the Germanic and Scandinavian languages, Latin (often via French) and Greek (sometimes via Latin).
What is the stem of a word
A stem is a basic word, from which other words are formed and developed.
What is an affix
Additions to a stem are known as affixes. For example: cover + dis = discover; think + ing =
There are TWO kinds of AFFIXES: PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
Barking up the wrong tree
Making the wrong decision
Beating someone at their own game
Use the same method they use
