English Exam 7 November Flashcards
Functions of the Capital Letter
Used at the beginning of a sentence
Used for proper nouns
Used for the main words in titles, and abbreviations of
proper nouns
Used for the pronoun “I”
Functions of the full stop
➡ Indicates the end of a sentence
➡Ends abbreviations when the last letter of
the abbreviation is not the same as the full
word
Functions of the Comma
Separates adjectives when two or more are used to describe the same noun
Separating adverbs
Separating items on a list
Separating direct and reported speech
Separating descriptions: Here commas are used as parentheses (brackets)
Functions of Question Mark?
Indicates a question
or expresses disbelief
Functions of Exclamation Mark
Shows an interjection, surprise or any other strong emotion (excitement, enthusiasm, amusement, surprise, anger, delight, etc.)
Functions of the Ellipsis…?
Ellipsis dots show where something has been omitted.
It Indicates a trailing off of thought or speech.
Indicates that the reader should use ones imagination to complete a sequence of events.
Ellipsis are useful for shortening long quotations.
(They should only be used in sets of 3)
Can be at the end of the sentence to show that the thought was incomplete. When this occurs, the full stop is the fourth dot.
Functions of the hyphen
Is used to link words to create compound words
Often these words are compound adjectives
Also used in names
Breaking words: the hyphen breaks a word that will not fit in completely at the end of a line. The word must always break in a logical position-between syllables.
The hyphen also helps with pronunciation when a prefix is added to a word that begins with the same letter as the last letter of the prefix
Eliminating ambiguity: hyphens also help us recognize when words should be compounded into a single idea.
Helping with meaning: the hyphen helps to distinguish words that have similar pronunciation but different meanings
Joins prefixes to words
Functions of The dash —
Although very similar looking to the hyphen, the dash does exactly the opposite
Where the hyphen joins the dash separates
The dash is a slightly longer line than the hyphen and most importantly is has blank space on either side - like this.
Functions of Inverted commas
These enclose direct speech
They are also called quotation marks
Functions of The colon
The colon introduces a list of items
It links two parts of the sentence by expanding the statement
Functions of The apostrophe ‘
Indicates contractions (the omission of a letter)
Indicates possession
The function of brackets ()
Brackets are used to insert explanations, corrections, clarifications, or comments into quoted material.
Brackets are always used in pairs; you must have both an opening and a closing bracket.
When to use a capital letter and the placement of punctuation marks in direct speech
The sentences below are there to show you when to use a capital letter and the placement of the punctuation marks.
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo.
“Blah blah blah?” said Mo.
“Blah blah blah!” said Mo.
Mo said, “Blah blah blah.”
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo, “blah blah blah.”
Interrupted sentence
“Blah blah blah,” said Mo. “Blah blah blah.”
Complete sentence
New Speaker = new line
Speech Punctuation rules
- Every time the speaker changes, start a new line.
- A speech sentence always starts with a CAPITAL letter!
- If the speech sentence is interrupted by “he said / she said”, then the continuation of the sentence will start with a small letter.
- Inverted commas follow the punctuation mark which opens or closes the spoken words.
- If one: quotes another’s words, refers to the title of a book or magazine or film, or refers to a nickname, then inverted commas must be used for these words. They must be separated from the words of the speaker as shown below.
What 4 groups can we put figures of speech into
➡Sounds-alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme
➡Comparisons- simile, metaphor, personification
➡Exaggeration and understatement-hyperbole, euphemisms, innuendo, climax and anti-climax
➡Opposites - irony, antithesis, oxymoron, paradox
What does figurative language do
Figurative language creates pictures in the mind of the reader or listener. These pictures help convey the meaning more vividly than words alone.
What is the difference between literal and figurative language
Figurative language is the opposite of literal language. Literal language means exactly what it says. Figurative language means something different to (and usually more than) what it says on the surface:
He ran fast. (literal)
He ran like the wind. (figurative)
What 4 sound devices are there
Alliteration
Assonance
Onomatpopoeia
Rhyme
What is the definition of Alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
What is the definition of Assonance
Rhyming of two or more vowel sounds within words.
What is the definition of Onomatopoeia
The immatation of sound
What is the definition of Rhyme
The repetition of similar sounding words.
What are some examples of each sound device
Alliteration
➡ Little Liza’s light
➡ Slithering snake
➡ Pride and Prejudice
Assonance
➡The great bay’s waves were white with silent
light.
Onomatopoeia Crunch Bang Crash Moo Plop
Rhyme Mr. Grumpledump's Song Everything's wrong, Days are too long, Sunshine's too hot, Wind is too strong. Clouds are too fluffy, Grass is too green, Ground is too dusty, Sheets are too clean. Stars are too twinkly, Moon is too high, Water's too drippy, Sand is too dry. Rocks are too heavy, Feathers too light, Kids are too noisy, Shoes are too tight. Folks are too happy, Singin' their songs.. Why can't they see it? Everything's wrong!
What is the effect of Alliteration
Pleasing sense of unity and harmony; imitating a sound.
What is the effect of Assonance
An internal rhyme that is musical and pleasing.
What is the effect of Onomatopoeia
Allows the reader to hear the sound.
What is the effect of Rhyme
Creates a lyrical quality.
