Geography, Anthropology, and Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the physical features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including how humans affect the physical features of the Earth and the ways these physical features affect humans.

A

Geography

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2
Q

exact location of a point using latitude and longitude or an address

A

absolute location

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3
Q

location of a point in relation to another point

A

relative location

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4
Q

an imaginary line of navigation on the surface of the Earth that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole and indicates the change of one calendar day to the next.

A

International Date Line (IDL)

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5
Q

The Earth is divided into ___ Hemispheres.

A

four

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6
Q

the ____ divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres

A

equator

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7
Q

the ____ divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres

A

prime meridian

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8
Q

the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. These lines run horizontally across the Earth.

A

Latitude

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9
Q

the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. These lines run vertically across the Earth.

A

Longitude

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10
Q

defined by both physical and human characteristics, including uses of that area

A

Places

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11
Q

areas broadly divided by physical characteristics, human impact characteristics, and the interaction of humanity and the environment

A

Regions

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12
Q

A community of people who share similar history, culture, and traditions and reside in the same area of territory

A

Nation

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13
Q

a self-governing geopolitical entity that has defined borders and controls its internal sovereignty

A

Sovereign State

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14
Q

A nation with its own government and economy that occupies a defined territory

A

Country

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15
Q

One of the world’s seven main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America)

A

Continent

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16
Q

Show locations of cities, towns, and counties and might show some physical features such as rivers, streams, and lakes

A

Political Maps

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17
Q

Illustrate the physical features of an area, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes. Colors are used to show relief (differences in land elevation).

A

Physical Maps

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18
Q

Show major (and minor) highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities, and other points of interest to someone planning trips/driving.

A

Road Maps

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19
Q

Focus on details such as topography, climate, or district. These maps can be useful for finding more information about things like population, tourism, elevation, etc.

A

Special Purpose Maps

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20
Q

provide general information about the climate and precipitation of a region. These maps use colors to show different climate or precipitation zones.

A

Climate maps

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21
Q

these maps feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area

A

economic or resource maps

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22
Q

these maps are similar to physical maps but these use contour lines instead of colors to illustrate different land features

A

topographical maps

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23
Q

This field of geography includes the study of how physical systems and processes interact with plant and animal life to create, sustain, and modify ecosystems

A

Physical Systems

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24
Q

What are the four physical systems of our Earth?

A

Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere

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25
Q

the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet

A

atmosphere

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26
Q

this physical system includes all life on the planet

A

biosphere

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27
Q

includes all water on the planet

A

hydrosphere

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28
Q

the outer region of the Earth, includes the crust and upper mantle

A

lithosphere

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29
Q

a group of islands or island chains (i.e., Hawaii)

A

Archipelago

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30
Q

a coral island that surrounds a lagoon

A

Atoll

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31
Q

a band of beach parallel to the mainland that protects the shore from the effects of the ocean

A

Barrier Island

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32
Q

an inlet of the sea or other body of water- usually smaller than a gulf

A

bays

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33
Q

one of the seven great divisions of land on the globe

A

continent

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34
Q

a forest of trees, which lose their leaves seasonally

A

deciduous forest

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35
Q

a landform that forms from a deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water

A

delta

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36
Q

a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions may be hostile for plant and animal life; can be hot or cold

A

desert

37
Q

a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs

A

fjord

38
Q

a dense growth of trees and underbrush covering a large tract of land

A

forest

39
Q

land on which the natural dominant plant forms are grasses and herbs

A

grassland

40
Q

a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees

A

savannah

41
Q

a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center

A

ice caps

42
Q

a tract of land surrounded by water and smaller than a continent

A

island

43
Q

narrow strip of land connecting two large land areas otherwise separated by bodies of water

A

isthmus

44
Q

a large area of raised land formed through tectonic movement or volcanic activity

A

mountain

45
Q

a series of mountains or mountain ridges closely related in position and direction

A

mountain ranges

46
Q

the whole body of saltwater that covers nearly three-fourths of the surface of Earth

A

Oceans

47
Q

a land mass mostly surrounded by water and connected to a larger area of land

A

peninsula

48
Q

an extensive area of level or rolling, treeless country

A

plain

49
Q

a usually extensive land area having a relatively level surface raised sharply above adjacent land on at least one side

A

plateaus

50
Q

a woodland with annual rainfall of 100 inches and heavy tree canopy

A

rainforest

51
Q

a large system of natural flowing water

A

rivers

52
Q

a body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land

A

Sea

53
Q

a moist, subarctic forest of conifers that begins where the tundra ends

A

taiga

54
Q

a level or rolling, treeless plain that is characteristic of arctic and subarctic regions, consists of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil, and has a dominant vegetation of mosses, lichens, herbs, and dwarf shrubs

A

tundra

55
Q

an elongated depression of Earth’s surface usually between ranges of hills or mountains

A

valley

56
Q

this aspect of geography explores how people and their environment change each other

A

Human Systems

57
Q

the number of people in relation to the square miles (calculated by dividing the total population by total square miles)

A

population density

58
Q

Name examples of Ecological Catastrophes of the 20th Century and explain how/what happened

A

*Desertification of the Sahel (1900s) - a region along the southern border of the Sahara Desert that once supported a prosperous farming community. Overpopulation, overgrazing, and agriculture led to the deforestation of the area.

*Castle Bravo Nuclear Test (1954) - The US detonated several hydrogen bombs on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. This particular one led to the largest radiological contamination in US history.

*Desertification of the Aral Sea (1960) - The Soviet water management system was created for irrigation and has caused the 4th largest inland water body in the world to dry up.

*Three Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown (1979) - A partial nuclear meltdown at a US nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania resulted in the release of radioactive material into the environment

*Chernobyl (1986) - The Soviet nuclear power plant explosion and fires caused a nuclear meltdown and released radioactive material into the environment. The accident caused countless deaths.

*Exxon-Valdez Oil Spill (1989) - An Exxon-Valdez oil tanker ran into a reef off the coast of Alaska and spilled a lot of crude oil in Prince Willian Sound killing hundreds and thousands of birds, fish, and sea animals.

*Kuwai Oil Fires (1991) - As the Iraqi military forces retreated Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War, they set fire to 600 oil wells.

*Deep Water Horizon BP Oil Spill (2010) - The explosion and sinking of the Deep Water Horizon oil rig spilled 4.9 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico.

59
Q

The practice of farming; evolved since the Neolithic era.

A

Agriculture

60
Q

(describes land) capable of producing crops

A

arable

61
Q

credited as invented by the Inca (though cultures in Peru, Japan, the Philippines, Mexico, the Mediterranean, East Africa, Yemen, and China have all independently created the concept); steps built on hilly or mountainous areas

A

Terrace farming

62
Q

planting different crops sequentially to maximize the nutrients in the soil

A

crop rotation

63
Q

(especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle

A

pastoral

64
Q

producing to sell

A

commercial

65
Q

type of agriculture with small areas of land; high inputs of resources

A

intensive agriculture

66
Q

type of agriculture with large areas of land; low inputs of resources

A

extensive agriculture

67
Q

the supply of water to land and crops to promote growth

A

irrigation

68
Q

using gravity to move water across land; no mechanical system

A

surface irrigation

69
Q

using a network of pipes and low pressure to distribute water

A

localized irrigation

70
Q

a method of surface irrigation first used in the Neolithic period in Mesopotamia. Water was moved through a series of bridges and canals in order to cultivate crops. Perfected by the romans.

A

Aqueducts

71
Q

energy from wind, solar, water, geothermal, biomass, and nuclear sources

A

clean energy

72
Q

energy from coal, oil, and natural gas

A

fossil energy

73
Q

energy from charged particles

A

electric power

74
Q

refers to methods, systems, and devices that are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes

A

technology

75
Q

the study of human beings, their culture, origins, environment, and social norms

A

anthropology

76
Q

the process of individuals absorbing the dominant culture of a group

A

assimilation

77
Q

the process of understanding oneself and societal expectations through social interactions with others

A

socialization

78
Q

Learning theory created by John Dewey; asserts everything occurs within a social environment & knowledge is socially constructed and based on experiences.

A

Experiential Learning theory

79
Q

Skinner

A

theory of Behaviorism

80
Q

theorist that developed the Stages of Cognitive Development; discovery learning

A

Piaget

81
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of Needs

82
Q

Vygotsky

A

Zone of Proximal Development

83
Q

An interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location.

A

Community

84
Q

What are the three types of communities?

A

Urban, suburban, and rural

85
Q

Subsection of a community where the population is ethnically distingushed from the surrounding area

A

Ethnic Enclave

86
Q

A method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way

A

Language

87
Q

Culture that relies heavily on gestures, eye contact, relationships, and other non-verbal communication

A

High-Context

88
Q

Culture that relies heavily on explicit written or verbal communication

A

Low-Context cultures

89
Q

What is the main difference between religion and ideology?

A

Religion examines aspects of life and afterlife that are intangible, Ideology focuses on the tangible and human nature