Geography Flashcards
3 broad causes of Terrorism
- Political
- Religious
- Nationalist
What differentiates terrorists from other criminal acts?
- Political goals e.g. aim to overthrow a government or suppress political rivals
- violence
- civilian victims
Definition of terrorism
- A set of tactics (behaviours and methods)
- An act of symbolic and provocative violence (a strategy to sway the behaviour of many by targeting few)
- A cultural construct (an abstract approach where terrorism is a word used to deep another’s goals/methods and illegitimate within a matrix of culture, history or perception)
Most terrorist activity occurs in 5 countries
Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria (2014 they accounted for the 78% lives lost)
Pledged alliance
Intensification in Nigeria - Boko Haram
Shifts in target in 2014:
- 11% increase in deaths of religious figures and worshippers
- 172% increase in the deaths of private citizens
- In 2014, 67 countries had at least on death (including OECD countries - Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada and France)
Attacks in the west
- The majority of deaths from terrorism do not occur in the west (excluding September 11)
- Only 0.5 per cent of all deaths have occurred in Western countries in the last 15 years
- ISIL has advocated for attacks in the US, Canada, Australia and European countries
Consequences of terrorism
- Casualties
- Hightened level of anxiety
- Destroyed infrastructure
- Limited trade
- Various economic costs
- impacts for specific industries (airlines)
- Slower economic growth (GDP)
Does terrorism have the same impact on every country
- The size and diversity of an economic system determines its capacity to relocate
- the more developed the economy the more diversified - enabling better monetary and fiscal (government) capacities to limit macroeconomic impacts
Two types of costs
Direct costs (immediate losses) 2.Indirect/secondary costs (subsequent losses)
Two types of terrorism
- Domestic (home-grown)
2. Transnational (involves more than 1 country)
The position of the AUS Government
The resilience and cohesion of the Australia community is our best defence and greatest asset when responding to and recovering from an attack
Major threat
Violent extremism, inspired by groups such as ISIL and Al-Qa’ida, as well as others that claim to act in the name of Islam
ISIL exerts direct influence through
- aggressive promotion of violent extremism
- a violent ideology
- persuasive propaganda
- grooming of young people online
The result of ISIL’s influence
A higher risk of attacks by individuals (lone wolfs) or by small groups
5 core elements in AUS’s counter terrorism strategy
- Challenging violent extremists ideologies
- Stopping people from becoming terrorists
- Shaping the global environment
- Disrupting terrorist activity within Australia
- Effective response and recovery
UN’s Development program and the World Health Organisation propose
- an integrated management plan
- Incorporate concepts such as awareness, planning, response and recovery
- Clearly address issues
- ensure familiarity and training at all levels of society
- regularly review and update to keep the response strategy effective
issues
- Security
- Regional stability
- Contingency planning
- Available resources
- Emergency procedures
- communication, rehabilitation and mitigation
9/11
- September 11, 2001
- 19 Arabs hijacked three airliners and flew them into the Pentagon and the two main towers of the World Trade Centre. A fourth plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania (passengers threatened to overpower hijackers)
- Al-Qaeda (a transnational organisation formed in the 1980’s by the Arab Muslim extremist Osama Bin Laden in order to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan
How many were killed in 9/11
-2998 killed or missing (at least 10% weren’t American - not including the Hijackers)
Key costs in 9/11
- Lost of asset value
- Air travel and tourism, for instance, might have suffered up to $50 billion in losses in the first 2 years
- Cost of rescue and clean-up totalled over $22 billion
Bush Administrations
Precipitated invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq as a part of the Bush Administration’s “War on Terror”
Bali Bombing
11: 20, Saturday October 12, 2002
- A series of explosions at Paddies Bar and the Sari Club in the main street of Kuta
- 202 people died
The Indonesian Government
- Identified and prosecuted the Bali Bombing suspects
- Stengthened international intelligence sharing arrangements
- Introduced new anti-terrorism law and
- Increased the highly visible police and security presence across Bali, especially at seaports and airports
Key costs
- Negative images and growing concerns for safety undermined the tourism industry
- The electricity supply was severed
- There was insufficient trained personnel
- Limited supplies, facilities and inadequate medical equipment
- The morgue was unable to accommodate the growing number of deceased
BOLTS (graphs)
Border, Orientation, Legend, Title and Scale
SALTS
Scale, Axis, legend, title and Source
PQE
Pattern, Quantify and Exceptions
What does ISIL stand for
Islamic state of Iraq and Syria
Australia’s tactics
- Diversion
- Disruption
UK’s tactics
- Prevent
- Pursue
- Protect
- Prepare
Similarities between UK and AUS tactics
- monitering
- online activity
- Effective Response and recovery
- Shaping the global environment
Model answer for explaining tables and graphs
Across OECD countries, in 2001 there were 2 terrorist attacks and 2015 4 attacks (Table 1). In both years, injuries were higher than deaths (Graph 1, point A and B). When the deaths to injuries ratios are expressed in equal terms, 2001 equates to 49% and 2015 to 22%. The difference of 27% is explained by the outlier of the 2001 September 11 attack in the United States, which ranks as the largest attack since 2000 (Table 1).
How to right a response to a stimulus/table
- Quantity
- table/figures
- explanation
- pattern
How to write definitions
- Item
- Class
- Special features
- Example/Use
Response to a graph/table
The declining number of deaths and injuries between 2001 and 2015 is likely due to the evolution of defense forces to combat terrorist attacks in better ways which prevent harm
Al-Qa’ida
seeks to remove government, through violent means if necessary
ISIS
islamic state of Raq and Syrua
ISIL
islamic state of iraq and the levant
Taliban
islamic fundamentalist political movement
Jihadism
Islamic terrorism
