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legal studies - legal foundations > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

3 broad causes of Terrorism

A
  • Political
  • Religious
  • Nationalist
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2
Q

What differentiates terrorists from other criminal acts?

A
  • Political goals e.g. aim to overthrow a government or suppress political rivals
  • violence
  • civilian victims
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3
Q

Definition of terrorism

A
  1. A set of tactics (behaviours and methods)
  2. An act of symbolic and provocative violence (a strategy to sway the behaviour of many by targeting few)
    - A cultural construct (an abstract approach where terrorism is a word used to deep another’s goals/methods and illegitimate within a matrix of culture, history or perception)
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4
Q

Most terrorist activity occurs in 5 countries

A

Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria (2014 they accounted for the 78% lives lost)

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5
Q

Pledged alliance

A

Intensification in Nigeria - Boko Haram

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6
Q

Shifts in target in 2014:

A
  • 11% increase in deaths of religious figures and worshippers
  • 172% increase in the deaths of private citizens
  • In 2014, 67 countries had at least on death (including OECD countries - Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada and France)
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7
Q

Attacks in the west

A
  • The majority of deaths from terrorism do not occur in the west (excluding September 11)
  • Only 0.5 per cent of all deaths have occurred in Western countries in the last 15 years
  • ISIL has advocated for attacks in the US, Canada, Australia and European countries
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8
Q

Consequences of terrorism

A
  1. Casualties
  2. Hightened level of anxiety
  3. Destroyed infrastructure
  4. Limited trade
  5. Various economic costs
  6. impacts for specific industries (airlines)
  7. Slower economic growth (GDP)
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9
Q

Does terrorism have the same impact on every country

A
  • The size and diversity of an economic system determines its capacity to relocate
  • the more developed the economy the more diversified - enabling better monetary and fiscal (government) capacities to limit macroeconomic impacts
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10
Q

Two types of costs

A 
Direct costs (immediate losses) 
2.Indirect/secondary costs (subsequent losses)
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11
Q

Two types of terrorism

A
  1. Domestic (home-grown)

2. Transnational (involves more than 1 country)

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12
Q

The position of the AUS Government

A

The resilience and cohesion of the Australia community is our best defence and greatest asset when responding to and recovering from an attack

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13
Q

Major threat

A

Violent extremism, inspired by groups such as ISIL and Al-Qa’ida, as well as others that claim to act in the name of Islam

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14
Q

ISIL exerts direct influence through

A
  • aggressive promotion of violent extremism
  • a violent ideology
  • persuasive propaganda
  • grooming of young people online
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15
Q

The result of ISIL’s influence

A

A higher risk of attacks by individuals (lone wolfs) or by small groups

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16
Q

5 core elements in AUS’s counter terrorism strategy

A
  1. Challenging violent extremists ideologies
  2. Stopping people from becoming terrorists
  3. Shaping the global environment
  4. Disrupting terrorist activity within Australia
  5. Effective response and recovery
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17
Q

UN’s Development program and the World Health Organisation propose

A
  • an integrated management plan
  • Incorporate concepts such as awareness, planning, response and recovery
  • Clearly address issues
  • ensure familiarity and training at all levels of society
  • regularly review and update to keep the response strategy effective
18
Q

issues

A
  • Security
  • Regional stability
  • Contingency planning
  • Available resources
  • Emergency procedures
  • communication, rehabilitation and mitigation
19
Q

9/11

A
  • September 11, 2001
  • 19 Arabs hijacked three airliners and flew them into the Pentagon and the two main towers of the World Trade Centre. A fourth plane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania (passengers threatened to overpower hijackers)
  • Al-Qaeda (a transnational organisation formed in the 1980’s by the Arab Muslim extremist Osama Bin Laden in order to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan
20
Q

How many were killed in 9/11

A

-2998 killed or missing (at least 10% weren’t American - not including the Hijackers)

21
Q

Key costs in 9/11

A
  • Lost of asset value
  • Air travel and tourism, for instance, might have suffered up to $50 billion in losses in the first 2 years
  • Cost of rescue and clean-up totalled over $22 billion
22
Q

Bush Administrations

A

Precipitated invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq as a part of the Bush Administration’s “War on Terror”

23
Q

Bali Bombing

A

11: 20, Saturday October 12, 2002
- A series of explosions at Paddies Bar and the Sari Club in the main street of Kuta
- 202 people died

24
Q

The Indonesian Government

A
  1. Identified and prosecuted the Bali Bombing suspects
  2. Stengthened international intelligence sharing arrangements
  3. Introduced new anti-terrorism law and
  4. Increased the highly visible police and security presence across Bali, especially at seaports and airports
25
Q

Key costs

A
  • Negative images and growing concerns for safety undermined the tourism industry
  • The electricity supply was severed
  • There was insufficient trained personnel
  • Limited supplies, facilities and inadequate medical equipment
  • The morgue was unable to accommodate the growing number of deceased
26
Q

BOLTS (graphs)

A

Border, Orientation, Legend, Title and Scale

27
Q

SALTS

A

Scale, Axis, legend, title and Source

28
Q

PQE

A

Pattern, Quantify and Exceptions

29
Q

What does ISIL stand for

A

Islamic state of Iraq and Syria

30
Q

Australia’s tactics

A
  • Diversion

- Disruption

31
Q

UK’s tactics

A
  • Prevent
  • Pursue
  • Protect
  • Prepare
32
Q

Similarities between UK and AUS tactics

A
  • monitering
  • online activity
  • Effective Response and recovery
  • Shaping the global environment
33
Q

Model answer for explaining tables and graphs

A

Across OECD countries, in 2001 there were 2 terrorist attacks and 2015 4 attacks (Table 1). In both years, injuries were higher than deaths (Graph 1, point A and B). When the deaths to injuries ratios are expressed in equal terms, 2001 equates to 49% and 2015 to 22%. The difference of 27% is explained by the outlier of the 2001 September 11 attack in the United States, which ranks as the largest attack since 2000 (Table 1).

34
Q

How to right a response to a stimulus/table

A
  • Quantity
  • table/figures
  • explanation
  • pattern
35
Q

How to write definitions

A
  1. Item
  2. Class
  3. Special features
  4. Example/Use
36
Q

Response to a graph/table

A

The declining number of deaths and injuries between 2001 and 2015 is likely due to the evolution of defense forces to combat terrorist attacks in better ways which prevent harm

37
Q

Al-Qa’ida

A

seeks to remove government, through violent means if necessary

38
Q

ISIS

A

islamic state of Raq and Syrua

39
Q

ISIL

A

islamic state of iraq and the levant

40
Q

Taliban

A

islamic fundamentalist political movement

41
Q

Jihadism

A

Islamic terrorism

legal studies - legal foundations (3 decks)

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