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Y9 MY > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first layer of the earth?

A

Crust

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2
Q

What is the second layer of the earth?

A

Mantle

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3
Q

What is the third layer of the earth?

A

Outer core

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4
Q

What is the innermost layer of the earth?

A

Inner core

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5
Q

What are the properties of the crust?

A
  • Thin
  • Between 5-70km
  • Contains rocks and minerals
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6
Q

What are the properties of the mantle?

A
  • Thick
  • Around 2500°C
  • Moves in convectional currents, semi-molten
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7
Q

What are the properties of the outer core?

A
  • Semi-liquid iron
  • Composed of iron and nickel
  • Generates Earth’s magnetic field
  • Between 3700°C and 5000°C
  • 2300km thick
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8
Q

What are the properties of the inner core?

A
  • Made of pressurised iron and nickel
  • Over 5000°C
  • 1250km thick
  • Solid
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9
Q

Who is Alfred Wegener?

A

A geologist who came up with the theory of Pangaea.

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10
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Slow yet powerful movements of volcanic rock in the mantle.

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11
Q

What is the evidence Wegener had that supported the theory of Pangaea?

A
  • Jigsaw fit of continents
  • Fossil evidence
  • Geological patterns
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12
Q

What does jigsaw fit mean?

A

The way continents appear to fit together like pieces of a puzzle, Africa and South America

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13
Q

What does fossil evidence mean?

A

Similar fossils found on different continents supporting the idea of a connected landmass, Mesosaurus

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14
Q

What does geological patterns mean?

A

Similar rock formations and mountain ranges on different continents , coal in antarctica

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15
Q

What plate is the UK sat on?

A

Eurasian Plate

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16
Q

Where are most earthquakes?

A

Along tectonic plate boundaries

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17
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

Crust that is made up of more dense rock like basalt

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18
Q

What is a plate boundary?

A

The edge where two tectonic plates meet

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19
Q

What is a subduction zone?

A

An area where one tectonic plate slides beneath another

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20
Q

What is continental crust?

A

The thicker part of the Earth’s crust that forms the continents, less dense and thus doesn’t subduct

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21
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary?

A

A boundary where one plate is forced under another, leading to earthquakes and volcanoes, always is oceanic and continental

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22
Q

What are fold mountains?

A

Mountains formed by the collision of tectonic plates, collision plates

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23
Q

What is a composite volcano?

A

A volcano formed at a destructive boundary, the magma is high silica.

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24
Q

What is a convergent boundary?

A

A boundary where two tectonic plates move towards each other

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25
Q

What happens at a convergent boundary?

A

Violent, high silica volcanoes

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26
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter

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27
Q

What is a volcanic bomb?

A

A large VISCOUS rock fragment ejected from a volcano during an eruption

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28
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano

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29
Q

What is a divergent boundary?

A

A boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other, Mid-Atlantic ridge

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30
Q

What happens at a divergent boundary?

A

New crust is formed as magma rises to the surface, new oceanic crust, islands

Examples are Mid-Atlantic ridge, Iceland, Canaries, Cape Verde

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31
Q

What is a conservative boundary?

A

A boundary where two plates slide past each other without creating or destroying crust, creating a fault line, an example is the San Andreas fault.

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32
Q

What is a collision boundary?

A

A boundary where two continental plates collide, often forming mountains, an example is the Himalayas by the Indian Subcontinent and Eurasian plates.

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33
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Vibrations of the Earth’s crust caused by tectonic movement and fault lines, typically at conservative and convergent boundaries.

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34
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates

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35
Q

What is the epicenter?

A

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

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36
Q

What are shockwaves?

A

Waves of energy released during an earthquake

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37
Q

What is the Richter scale?

A

A scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

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38
Q

What is the Mercalli scale?

A

A scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake based on its effects

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39
Q

What is a logarithmic scale?

A

A scale in which each unit increase represents a tenfold increase in measured value 1, 10, 100, 1000

40
Q

What are primary waves?

A

The fastest seismic waves that travel through solids and liquids

41
Q

What are secondary waves?

A

Seismic waves that can only travel through solids and are slower than primary waves

42
Q

What are surface waves?

A

Seismic waves that travel along the Earth’s surface and cause the most damage

43
Q

Where is Haiti?

A

In the Caribbean, capital is Port-Au-Prince

44
Q

What is Haiti positioned on?

A

The boundary between the Caribbean and North American tectonic plates

45
Q

What day was the 2010 earthquake?

A

January 12, 2010

46
Q

What magnitude was the 2010 earthquake?

A

7.0

47
Q

How close was it to Port-Au-Prince?

A

Approximately 15 kilometers

48
Q

What time was the Haiti earthquake?

A

4:53 PM local time

49
Q

What is a primary effect?

A

Immediate impact resulting directly from an earthquake

50
Q

What is a secondary effect?

A

Consequences that occur as a result of primary effects

51
Q

What does social mean?

A

Affecting society and people

52
Q

What does economic mean?

A

Relating to the production, distribution, and use of income, wealth, and resources

53
Q

What does political mean?

A

Relating to government, politics, or public affairs

54
Q

What does environmental mean?

A

Relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on it

55
Q

How many people died as a result of the Haiti earthquake?

A

Approximately 220,000 and 300,000 injured

56
Q

Currently, how many people in Haiti live on less than £1 a day?

A

Over 80%, that’s well over 8 million

57
Q

How many Haitians were left without food and water?

A

Approximately 2 million

58
Q

How many homes were destroyed/damaged in the Haiti earthquake?

A

About 100,000 destroyed, 200,000 damaged

59
Q

Name one secondary effect of people being in abject poverty?

A

Looting and the collapse of the police force

60
Q

Why is the Haiti earthquake partially a human disaster?

A

Looting, police collapse, temporary accomodation leading to cholera

61
Q

Is Haiti’s government corrupt?

A

Very corrupt

62
Q

What were homes not built in accordance with?

A

Seismic design code

63
Q

How many people were made homeless of the Haiti earthquake?

A

Approximately 1.3 million

64
Q

What is a supervolcano?

A

A volcano 1000x bigger than a regular one,

65
Q

Name one supervolcano.

A

Yellowstone
Lake Taupo
Lake Toba
Aira Caldera
Krakatoa

66
Q

When was the Indian Ocean tsunami?

A

Boxing Day 2004

67
Q

What magnitude was the Boxing Day earthquake in the Indian Ocean?

A

9.1

68
Q

How are tsunamis typically triggered?

A

By underwater earthquakes

69
Q

What plate boundary was the Indian Ocean on?

A

Convergent boundary

70
Q

How many countries were affected?

A

12:
* Indonesia
* Malaysia
* Thailand
* Myammar
* Bangladesh
* India
* Sri Lanka
* Seychelles
* Kenya
* Somalia
* Tanzania
* Maldives

71
Q

Why was Bangladesh barely affected?

A

Due to its geographical location and distance from the epicenter, it exerted lateral (sideways) waves

72
Q

What is a superpower?

A

A nation with the ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale

73
Q

Who are the 2 most powerful nations in the world?

A

USA and China

74
Q

Name the 7 factors that define a superpower.

A
  • Resources (oil, concrete, wood)
  • Geographical size (Russia, USA, China, Indonesia)
  • Political power (USA, China)
  • Soft power (Hollywood, the BBC, TikTok)
  • Population (India, China)
  • Military strength (North Korea, China, USA)
  • Economic strenghth (UK, Germany, USA, China, Japan)
75
Q

By those 7 factors, is the USA or China a superpower?

A

Both

76
Q

Who are the 5 countries that are on the UN Security Council?

A
  • USA
  • UK
  • France
  • Russia
  • China
77
Q

What is BRIC and MINT?

A

BRIC refers to Brazil, Russia, India, and China; MINT refers to Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Türkiye

78
Q

What are uni, bi, and multi-polar world systems?

A
  • Unipolar: One dominant power
  • Bipolar: Two dominant powers
  • Multipolar: Multiple influential powers >3
79
Q

Who does the IMF predict to be the nation with the highest GDP by 2040?

A

China

80
Q

How does protection, prediction, and preparation reduce tectonic hazards?

A

By minimizing risks and enhancing response capabilities

81
Q

How is GPS positioning effective?

A

It measures changes in the size/shape of a volcano and rising magma or magma pressure.

82
Q

What do USGS geologists do.

A

Collect gas samples such as sulphur. Before eruptions, levels are 5-10x pre eruption values.

83
Q

What do seismographs do?

A

Measure earth tremors.

84
Q

What does drop, cover hold on! mean?

A

DROP on your knees and hands
COVER your head under a sturdy table/des,. If unavailable, reach an interior wall and cover your head and neck with your arms.
HOLD ON until the shaking stops, be prepared to move.

85
Q

Why is Brazil an emerging power?

A

Its population has grown 77 million since 1985, and the nation is set to double its GDP to around $9 trillion by 2040.

86
Q

Why is Russia an emerging superpower?

A

Russia exerts extreme military influence over Eastern Europe, and has an extremely high literacy rate of 99.68%. Russia also has a massive oil reserve.

87
Q

Why is India an emerging superpower?

A

A youthful population, key tech industries with a well-educated workforce, and now has the biggest population globally at 1,441,000,000 as of 2024.

88
Q

Why is China an emerging superpower?

A

Its GDP is set to triple to $40 trillion, overtaking the USA by 2040, China now has the ability to conduct its own trade with no influence from the USA, therefore having a trade surplus, it also is the biggest producer overall globally, producing 7700 million tonnes of carbon.

89
Q

Why is Mexico an emerging superpower?

A

Borders the USA, GDP of $1.2 trillion and a young population of 28.

90
Q

Why is Indonesia an emerging superpower?

A

Population of 250 million, young population of 29, reformed its political system.

91
Q

Why is Nigeria an emerging superpower?

A

It has an account surplus, being able to control its trade without US tapering, has massive oil reserve.

92
Q

Why is Turkiye an emerging superpower?

A

Population of 74 million, positioned inbetween Europe and Asia, quintupled its GDP from 2004 with $200 billion to $1.1 trillion by 2024.

93
Q

Of the MINT and BRIC nations, which is the most likely to become a superpower?

A

China and Nigeria in my opinion

94
Q

What does high silica mean?

A

Lava that is thick, viscous magma, violent eruptions.

95
Q

What does low silica mean?

A

Lava that is runny, low viscousity, gas bubbles do escape, mild explosions.

96
Q

Why might the MINT nations not become superpowers?

A
  • Mexico- drug cartels
  • Indonesia- collapse of mining industry, account deficit
  • Nigeria- very very corrupt, lack of good infrasturcture
  • Turkiye- account deficit, political instability

Y9 MY (6 decks)

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