Geography Flashcards
Define: Landscape
A wide area that have all aspects of the 4 spheres
Define: Landform
A geologic formation within the landscape
Define: Atmosphere
The sphere for air
Define: Lithosphere
The sphere for ground, land, no living things
Define: Hydrosphere
The sphere for water
Define: Biosphere
The sphere for living things, animals, plants
Define: Plate tectonics
Boundaries where geologic movement happens
Define: Crust
The most outer layer of earth
Define: Mantle
The widest layer of the earth, just underneath the crust
Define: Core
The centre of planet earth
Define: Convergent boundaries
Boundaries that push towards each other
Define: Divergent boundaries
Boundaries that pulls away from each other
Define: Transform boundaries
Boundaries that slides past each other
Define: Subduction zones
One boundary goes on top of the other
Define: Fault lines
The cracks in the earth’s crust and where there’s movement
Define: Fold mountains
Mountains that are created where two or more tectonic plates push together
Define: Volcanoes
An opening or vent in the earth’s surface
Define: Earthquakes
Shaking and vibration of the earth’s crust due to the movement of the earth’s plates
Define: Attrition
Rocks collide against each other and break into smaller rocks
Define: Abrasion
Rocks collide against riverbeds/lithosphere
Define: Corrosion
(Solution) dissolved chemicals in water react with water and break down the surface
Define: Hydraulic action
The force of water against rocks and air pockets in cracks, breaking down the rocks
In BOLTSS, what’s B?
Border
In BOLTSS, what’s O?
Orientation
In BOLTSS, what’s L?
Legend
In BOLTSS, what’s T?
Title
In BOLTSS, what’s the first S?
Scale
In BOLTSS, what’s the second S?
Source
What are contour intervals?
Join places on topographic map which have the same elevation
What are contour lines?
Show areas of same height using lines
What are spot heights?
Show height using dot or small triangle with a number next to it
What’s the word form for scale?
__cm represents ____ cm
What are the key characteristics of a rainforest?
Large amount of sunlight, hot, rainfall, elevation - high or low
What are the key characteristics of a desert?
Sunlight - high or low, mostly hot, low rainfall, elevation - high or low
What’s economic value?
Use the environment to make money
What’s spiritual value?
How different people connect to the land
What’s aesthetic value?
How pleasing is it to human eye
What’s cultural value?
Activity and practise that people conduct in landscapes
Define: Evaporation
Water turn to gas (water vapour) and rises into the air
Define: Transpiration
Water is released into the air as water vapor by plants
Define: Infiltration
Water soaks into the earth
Define: Run Off
Water that doesn’t soak into the earth, but flows into the rivers
Define: Condensation
Water vapor turns back into a clouds
Define: Precipitation
When water falls from the sky as rain, hail or snow
Define: Water scarcity
Not enough water for people’s needs
Define: Glaciers
Huge slow-moving ice
Define: Groundwater
Water that sink and stored underground
Define: Permafrost
Ground that’s completely frozen for at least 2 year
Define: Drought
An area that have too less precipitation for a period of time
Define: Flood
An area that have too much precipitation for a period of time
Define: el Nino
Super dry weather and very less rainfall
Define: La Nina
Lots of rainfall, very wet weather
Define: Direct consumption
The direct water you use in everyday activities
Define: Indirect consumption
The water we consume by using good and services
What are synoptic charts?
A chart that summarises the weather over a big area in a period of time
What are isobars?
Lines that represent the weigh of air at that exact point
What are high-pressure systems?
NOT HOT – clear sky
What are low-pressure systems?
NOT COLD – cloudy sky
What are climate graphs?
A graph that shows temperature and precipitation
What are choropleth maps?
Use colour to show the amount of certain feature
What are cartograms?
Maps that reshape places to show how big the problem is
What is latitude?
Invisible lines that travel left to right on maps and globes
How does water move through the water cycle?
Evaporation/transpiration, condensation, transportation, precipitation, run-off/infiltration
How much water is accessible to humans?
1%
How much water is stored as surface water, groundwater, and frozen water?
Surface water – 1%
Ground water – 29%
Frozen water – 79%
How ocean currents can influence levels of precipitation?
Cold ocean currents make the air cold which made less rainfall
What is orographic rainfall?
When a barrier blocks the movement of wind
What is a rain shadow desert?
A place behind the mountain where rain can’t get through
What is a catchment?
An area of land that any precipitation would end up in the same river
What are Australia’s main sources of fresh water?
Surface water, Ground water, Desalinated water, Recycled water
What is a natural hazard?
An extreme and unnatural event
How does el Nino creates drought conditions and what are the impacts?
No having rain for a long time and can’t use water for everyday use
How does La Nina creates flooding conditions and what are the impacts?
Having too much rain in a period of time and it’s hard to live in shelter, traffic problems, evacuated from houses, clean up, shops have to close
Define: Globalisation
The growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures and populations
Define: Technology
An advanced technology that have all scientific knowledge
Define: Transport
The action of moving a person or thing from one place to another
Define: Communications
The act of transferring information to others
Define: Tourism
When people travel to other places for leisure
Define: Production
Making or manufacturing something from components or raw materials
Define: Consumption
Using a resource
Define: Culture
Beliefs, social and ways of a community, religious or social group
Define: Population pyramid
A two bar graph that shows sex and age in a country
How to calculate percentages?
The outcome times by total then times by 100
What’s expanding population pyramid?
Large birth rate, high death rates (pyramid)
What’s contracting population pyramid?
Stable birth rate, stable death rate (rectangle)
What’s stationary population pyramid?
High life expectancy (honey cone)
Define: Social infrastructure
Facilities that support social services
Define: Employment
Giving people jobs
Define: Walkability
How well is it to walk in an area
Define: Housing
A space or building for people to live in
Define: Green infrastructure
Natural spaces/areas (parks)
Define: Ambient environment
An environment that affect people but people can’t effect by it
What’s vertical aerial photo/image?
Taken from above
What’s oblique aerial photo/image?
Taken from side view (can see horizon)
What’s ground-level photo/image?
Taken from the ground
What’s satellite photo/image?
Taken by satellite
What are push factors?
A factor or reason which encourages someone to leave their place of residence
What are pull factors?
A factor or reason which encourages people to move to that place
What are environmental factors?
A factor or reason which is provided by the natural factors
What are human factors?
A factor or reason which is provided by the population that lives in the area
