GEOG 2200 Exam 3

Question 1

Primary Activities

Answer 1

Extraction from the earth’s surface
- Wholesale, retail trade, etc.

Question 2

Secondary Activities

Answer 2

Manufacturing (industrial) and processing of raw materials into useful products
- Tertiary (quaternary & quinary)

Question 3

Tertiary Activities

Answer 3

Provide services to business and goods and services to individuals

Question 4

Agriculture; 5 hearths of agriculture

Answer 4

Fertile Crescent, Nile River Valley, Mesoamerica, Sub Saharan Africa, East Asia

Question 5

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 5

Subsistence Agriculture
Growing only enough food for the immediate needs of the family for survival
Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) - clearing land by cutting vegetation & burning the debris
Low productivity and low population density

Question 6

1st Agricultural Revolution

Answer 6

1st Agricultural Revolution: 14,000 - 8,000 years ago
Basic farming, with handmade tools
Cultivation of seed crops and domesticating animals

Question 7

Von Thünen agricultural land use allocation model; know the model assumptions

Answer 7

Predicts how humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.

Single market center
Isotropic plain (equal fertility and uniform plain)
Yield is consistent
Transportation cost is equal in all directions and transportation rate is fixed
Price of crops is fixed
Farmers pay transportation cost
Farmers are profit maximizers

Question 8

Economic Rent

Answer 8

the extra amount earned by a resource (e.g., land, capital, or labor) by virtue of its present use.

Economic Rent - R =Y(p-c) - yfd
Y - Yield per unit of land
D - Distance from market
P - Price per unit of output
C - Cost per unit of output
F - Freight rate per unit (per 100 miles)

Question 9

Bid Rent Curve

Answer 9

Bid Rent Curve - Maximum potential rent for land as we move away from market

Question 10

Cottage industry to Industrial Revolution; characteristics

Answer 10

Cottage Industries
Home based, small production of goods
Putting out system prior to the Industrial Revolution
Factory system with single task assignment (rural to urban migration)

Industrial Revolution (U.K)
Trade during colonialism (1600s -1700s) accumulated wealth in the U.K
Wealth supported innovation (invention of machinery)
Industrial Revolution, 1750s ~ (“Take off”)
From water power to burning coal for energy
Steam engine to railroad era, 1800s (higher development)

Question 11

Least cost theory; what it is

Answer 11

Least Cost Theory (Weberian Analysis)
Alfred Weber: “Theory of Location of Industries”
Minimizing the basic costs (transportation, labor, and agglomeration) = optimal location

Question 12

Bulk-reducing vs. bulk-gaining industries

Answer 12

Bulk-gaining industries are primarily focused on environmental sustainability; bulk-reducing industries are concerned solely with profit. Bulk-gaining industries make products that weigh more after assembly than before assembly; bulk-reducing industries make products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly.

Question 13

Material vs. market-oriented

Answer 13

market orientation
the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs

material orientation
the location of the manufacturing plant in relation to the source of raw materials

Question 14

Agglomeration; basic ideas 5 modes of transportation;

Answer 14

Agglomeration
Spatial concentration of similar industries for mutual benefit (= localization)
Economic advantages or benefits gained by close proximity to people and similar businesses
Information spillover / exchange about competitors

5 Modes of Transportation
Boat (ex. Seaspan Breeze)
Truck
Plane
Train
Pipelines

Question 15

advantages & disadvantages of each transportation mode; cost advantages for differential distances

Question 16

Break-in-bulk point Just-in-time delivery

Answer 16

Break-of-Bulk
a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

Just in time delivery : shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Question 17

Product life cycle; what are 4 stages; the role of MDCs/LDCs

Answer 17

Stages for product that go through its cycle
Introduction
- Single version of product
Growth
- Multiple versions of product
- Demand increases
Maturity
- Company wants to avoid any product holes for the competitors
- Company creates the broadest product line possible
Declime
- Demand decreases

Question 18

Deindustrialization; causes and consequences;

Answer 18

Decline of CBD in the 1950s -1960s
Relocation of industries ( manufacturing ) away from CBS to suburbs and LDCs
Restructuring of industrial production away from labor intensive process
Loss of jobs → workers → services

Question 19

Rust Belt v. Sun Belt dichotomy

Answer 19

Rust Belt: Areas where manufacturing was prominent
Deindustrialization occurred throughout the mid 20th century
Factories are left abandoned
Sun Belt: Areas where population and job growth are occurring
Less unionized workers - benefits companies
Seeing a growth of businesses moving their job sites to this area
Cheaper labor

37th parallel: Boundary between Rust Belt and Sun Belt

Question 20

Structural change of economy; shifts in economic activities in the development continuum

Answer 20

Structural Change of Economies

Overtime, tertiary services have increased into post industrial times
Secondary activities have slowly decreased into post industrial era
Primary activities have decreased overtime into post industrial era
Quaternary activities have increased into post industrial era recently

Question 21

Economic base theory Basic & non-basic sectors; BA: NBA = TA ratio to use

Answer 21

Basic Sector: Exports products primarily to consumers outside the region, generating income into the community
Nonbasic ( residentiary) sector: provides goods or services for consumption within the community
Ex. Beauty salons, restaurants, etc.
Economic Base: Trade based explanation of why regions grow & decline
Growth lies in external (outside of the region) demand for products
Basic activity (BA) & Nonbasic activity (NBA)
BA + NBA = TA (Total Activities)
As a settlement increases in size, the number of NBA personnel grows faster than the number of new BA workers
City with a population of 1 million (BA:NBA 1:2)

Question 22

Multiplier effect; definition

Answer 22

Multiplier Effect
The expected addition of nonbasic workers & dependents to a city’s total employment & population that accompanies new BA employment

Question 23

Location quotient (LQ); what is it; how to interpret LQ; No calculations required for LQ

Answer 23

Location Quotient (L.Q.)
ratios that allow an area’s distribution of employment by industry, ownership, and size class to be compared to a reference area’s distribution

LQ = ei / (divided by) e
———————–
Ei / E
ei - number of local employees in industry 1
e - number of total local employees in all industries
Ei - number of U.S employees in industry 1
E - number of total U.S employees in all industries

Question 24

Origin of cities; urban hearths and the emergence of civilization

Answer 24

Agricultural Surplus
Feeding non - farm population
Social stratification
Leadership class to control territories
Hearths:
Mesoamérica
Mesopotamia
Huang He
Peru
Nile
Indus

Question 25

Urban hierarchies of cities; rank- size v. primate city rules; what does each tell us about national economy; what kind of problems primate cities face?

Answer 25

Rank Size Rule : Size of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
The nth largest city of a national system of cities will be roughly 1/n the size of the largest city

Primary City Rule : the largest city has far more than twice as many people as the second largest city

Question 26

Central place theory; range

Answer 26

Range : a maximum distance a person is willing to travel to use a service

Question 27

Central place theory; go over the theory limitations

Answer 27

Region is an unbounded isotropic plain with homogeneous distribution of purchasing power (population is evenly spread in rural plain)
People buy goods from the closest central place
All customers must be market areas must be served (trade areas must be space filling) & cities space themselves evenly
A central place should be located to minimize total customer movement
No excess profits can be earned at a central place

Question 28

Central place theory; central functions

Answer 28

Central function: goods and services

Question 29

Central place theory; threshold demand

Answer 29

Threshold demand (sales): minimum demand to support an establishment

Question 30

Higher-order vs. lower-order central places

Answer 30

Higher Order Central Place
More establishments
More goods and services
Space farther apart
Large threshold population

Lower Order Central Place
Less establishments
Less goods and services
Space close together
Small threshold population

Question 31

CBD characteristics

Answer 31

Downtown (= central city = CBD)
Commercial hub of a city
High accessibility, high land value, skyscrapers
High order goods and services (e.g. bridal shop)
Efficient mass transit systems and highways

Question 32

3 models of internal urban structure; explain how a city grows in each model
Concentric zone

Answer 32

Concentric Zone Model: a city grows outward from a CBD in a series of rings

Question 33

How social space of cities is related to each model

Answer 33

Space affects social space -
Ethnic status
Ethnic enclaves (Chinatown, Little Italy, etc.)
Family status (concentric zone)
Young families with children (outer rings)
Singles (inner rings)
Social status
High income, low income

Question 34

Suburbanization; what are the impacts of suburbanization on cities’ landscapes; what are causes and consequences of suburbanization?

Answer 34

Suburbanization
Demands for housing for returning veterans
Migration from central cities to suburbs
Interstate highway system in the 1950s (automobile -oriented -> urban sprawl)

Question 35

Edge Cities: how, where, and why they are formed

Answer 35

Edge Cities: nodes of office, retail, and residential land uses at the margin of an urban area (= galactic city = self sufficient)
- Less trips to the central city area
Expansion of urban areas = change in modes of transportation = loss of

Question 36

Gentrification; definition; what are positive & negative impacts of gentrification? Where and why it happens

Answer 36

The renewal or rebuilding of lower income neighborhoods into middle to upper class neighborhoods near the centers of cities
Occurs everywhere (zones 1-5)
Locals who have been in the area for years
New people to the area (wealthy, middle to upper class)
Changing character of American society
DINKS (dual income no kids) prefers to live close to work
Cities as spaces of consumption
Lack of housing
Saturation / all built up in suburbs
Post civil rights movement
Minority accepted in suburbs
What Scale?
Happening everywhere

Question 37

Teardowns and McMansions; benefits and detriments

Answer 37

The homes intended for suburban demolition are called teardowns. In their place, suburbanites build newer homes that often are supersized and stretch to the outer limits of the lot.
- increases average housing values,
- tax revenue for the suburb,
- the average household income of the neighborhood
New supersized mansions are sometimes called McMansions

Question 38

Anti-suburban movement: what is New Urbanism like?

Answer 38

New Urbanism (1990s ~)
Development: Urban revitalization, suburban reforms that creates walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
U.S cities following European compact city development with public transportation
Equity issue remains to be solved
Criticism: May be in favor of the rich,
Certain amount of income to live there (i.e Gated communities)

Question 39

Global cities v. megacities; how are they differentiated; geographic regions of growth of megacities today and future

Answer 39

Megacity: a city of > 10 million people
New York (20M) , London (14M), Tokyo (37M)
Megacities: Characteristics (Developing World)
Population growth fueled y rural to urban migration
Lacking social services and affordable housing
Large informal and dual economy
Squatter settlements into autonomous development

Question 40

Sustainability and geography; Fresh water use and supply; where do we see fights over water in the world; how runoff occurs, etc.

Question 41

Intensive commercial agriculture

Answer 41

Large amounts of capital applied for off farm sales
Use of machinery, fertilizers, etc.
Perishables with high market value, i.e. fruit and vegetables (truck farms), dairy products, etc.
Near urban centers (high land value)

Question 42

Extensive commercial agriculture

Answer 42

Land extent is more important than capital input
Use of machinery, fertilizers, etc.
Large - scale wheat farming, livestock ranching, etc.
Farther from the market (low land value)

Question 43

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Answer 43

1700s in Europe
Non-mechanical stage, but increased productivity
Land consolidation

1800s
The Industrial Revolution (feeding non-farm workers)
Advances in equipment, new livestock breeding methods, fertilizers, etc.

Question 44

3rd Agricultural Revolution

Answer 44

Introduction of biotechnology, hybrid (genetic) grains and improved management to maximize crop yields per area

Detriments? Agricultural runoff carry harmful pesticides into waters
Loss of indigenous crops due to rise of genetically modified crops
Field crop disease: Low diversity of crops leads to poor control of disease in crops

Question 45

3rd Agricultural (Green) Revolution

Answer 45

Introduction of biotechnology, hybrid (genetic) grains and improved management to maximize crop yields per area

Detriments? Agricultural runoff carry harmful pesticides into waters
Loss of indigenous crops due to rise of genetically modified crops
Field crop disease: Low diversity of crops leads to poor control of disease in crops

Question 46

3 models of internal urban structure; explain how a city grows in each model
Sector Model:

Answer 46

Sector Model: a city develops in a series of sectors (major roads), not rings

Question 47

3 models of internal urban structure; explain how a city grows in each model
Multiple Nuclei Model:

Answer 47

Multiple Nuclei Model: a city is complex structure that includes more than one center (edge cities) around which activities revolve