GEOG 203

Question 1

When did international development begin?

Answer 1

It emerged as a global agenda after WW2, the idea of development began with Trumans 1949 inaugural address “underdeveloped areas”

Question 2

What do development indicators miss?

Answer 2

Human rights, political freedoms, democracy, power, justice, and equality/equity

Question 3

Why does political freedom matter and how does it advance development and wellbeing?

Answer 3

Change is faster when citizens are able to voice their concern and when there is political freedom, other development indexes increase

Question 4

What does it mean that globalization is a rising tide that floats all boats?

Answer 4

Think about the t-shirt example in Bangladesh and Colombia, globalization caused the problem that it is now trying to fix

Question 5

What is the net increase in inequality in developed countries?

Answer 5

Gap between rich and poor increases
as middle-income jobs are shipped overseas

Question 6

What is the net increase in inequality in developing countries?

Answer 6

Jobs created by multinationals primarily in urban areas, little to no new income opportunity for unskilled workers in rural areas

Question 7

Why does free trade restrict growth of infant industries in developing countries?

Answer 7

Local firms get no protection and face competition from multinational companies and it undercuts domestic industries and diversification of markets

Question 8

Why and how do wealthy countries protect their domestic markets?

Answer 8

protectionist policies like quotas and tariffs, it protects domestic businesses from foreign competition

Question 9

How does free trade affect the economic livelihoods of producers in developing countries?

Answer 9

It leads to faster productivity growth because it forces specialization

Question 10

Why is there controversy surrounding free trade and the WTO?

Answer 10

Invites foreign competition with domestic industries, manufacturers move to countries with fewer regulations that lead to pollution and abusive labor practices

Question 11

What is a vulnerability?

Answer 11

susceptibility or potential for harm to social, infrastructural, economic, and ecological systems

Question 12

What are drivers of social vulnerability?

Answer 12

historical, political, socio-cultural, institutions, and natural resource processes that shape people’s lives and lifestyles

Question 13

How do international financial institutions affect vulnerability?

Answer 13

they reinforce existing vulnerability, redistribute vulnerability, or even introduce new sources of vulnerability

Question 14

What is environmental racism?

Answer 14

Intentional siting of polluting and toxic waste facilities in such communities that are poor and lack political power

Question 15

What does Global Affairs Canada do?

Answer 15

Manage diplomatic and consular relations, encourage the countries international trade and lead Canada’s international development and humanitarian assistance efforts

Question 16

What is GAC’s feminist international assistance policy?

Answer 16

Helps the poorest and most vulnerable, supports fragile state and achieve the sustainable development goals, and is human rights based and inclusive

Question 17

What is a large issue in free trade?

Answer 17

It widens the racial gap, the winners are those who can invest in global concerns, such as financial services, and taxes are not globally controlled so corporations can park their money in offshore accounts to avoid taxes

Question 18

What is cosmopolitanism?

Answer 18

Those who argue that principles of justice imply moral obligation to address the needs of the poor both nationally and internationally

Question 19

What is communitarianism?

Answer 19

Takes issue with cosmopolitan assumption that national borders have no moral importances, they believe that political and social community is morally relevant

Question 20

What is libertarian philosophy (neoliberalism)?

Answer 20

They believe individual rights to freedom and non interference are the central moral good, and places particular value on the right of individuals to acquire and retain private property, they oppose any form of obligatory of redistribution of wealth

Question 21

What are the 6 conditions necessary for development according to Dudley Seers?

Answer 21

adequate income to cover the needs of basic survival, employment, improvement in the distribution of income, education (especially literacy), political participation, and national autonomy (independence)

Question 22

Case study for “globalization is a rising tide that floats all boats”

Answer 22

Bangladesh vs Colombia, not every country can be fixed by the same thing, factory workers in Colombia are much better off than those in Bangladesh

Question 23

Case study for economic partnership agreements (EPA)

Answer 23

Cameroon and EU sign EPA, EU dumps onions and chick parts, shows deceptive promise of free trade, shows the lack of transparency with these agreements

Question 24

Case studies for vulnerabilities

Answer 24

Hurricane Katrina, Gulf zone of Louisiana very storm-prone, susceptibility and lack of resilience to disaster-determined by structural inequalities of race and class in the US

Question 25

Case study for environmental racism (smaller one)

Answer 25

Grassy Narrows, ON, (first nations) pulp and paper discharge 1960s, constant mercury pollution, were told not to eat fish, given money to fix in 2017, still can’t eat fish

Question 25

Case study for environmental racism (larger one)

Answer 25

Flint water crisis, almost half population below poverty line, majority black, 2014 switched to flint river to save money, exposed community to toxins, wasn’t state of emergency until 2016, wasn’t fixed until 2020

Question 26

Case study for global affairs Canada

Answer 26

Amazon fish for food, over half flood-prone homes in Bolivia are food-insecure, increased fish business in Bolivia (specifically for women), fish production doubled, supplied both jobs and food

Question 27

what are the 3 categories of technologies for adaptation?

Answer 27

hardware, software, orgware

Question 28

what is hardware?

Answer 28

technologies that require the transfer and installation of physical material from sources outside the targeted locality

Question 29

what is software?

Answer 29

technologies that soley involved the transfer of knowledge and/or practice

Question 30

what is orgware?

Answer 30

technologies that involved the reorganization of social networks and/or institutions

Question 31

a seed variety was improved, explain the social development elements needed to be implemented with this technology to ensure it achieves adaptation benefits for the target population.

Answer 31

farmer participation, access to education, gender inclusivity, access to resources, knowledge sharing, policy support, and economic safety nets

Question 32

what is an ultimate outcome and an example?

Answer 32

change in state, condition, or well-being of beneficiaries. example is increased food security of food insecure populations in region Y of country X

Question 33

what does grasping the impacts of climate change require an understanding of?

Answer 33

shifting weather patterns, rising temperature, increased frequencies of extreme weather events

Question 34

what is climate-smart agriculture composed of?

Answer 34

sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions

Question 35

what are 3 approaches to CSA interventions?

Answer 35

increasing and sustaining productivity and incomes despite climate change impacts, adapting and building resilience to increased climate shocks - reducing climate risk, and curtailing expansion of cultivated agricultural land

Question 36

give 3 examples of practices of sustainable agriculture

Answer 36

integrated pest management, enhance building soil organic matter, and reduced tillage (to reduce soil degradation)

Question 37

what are the key organizations promoting CSA?

Answer 37

world bank, food and agriculture organization (FAO), and CGAIR (a group of 15 independent research centers)

Question 38

what policies have a role in CSA

Answer 38

SDGs, the Paris agreement, and the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction

Question 39

what is STAR and what is its goal?

Answer 39

species threat abatement and restoration, and it allows business, governments, and civil society to quantify their potential contributions to stemming global species loss

Question 40

what are 2 examples of something STAR has been used for?

Answer 40

to quantify and categorize national extinction-risk footprints and to identify policy options for reducing habitat loss due to agricultural expansion in Colombia

Question 41

What is the role of the world trade organization (WTO) and what is one critique of the organization?

Answer 41

It operates a global system of trade rules, it acts as a forum for negotiating trade agreements, it settles trade disputes between its members and it supports the needs of developing countries. One critique is that the WTO has a bias towards rich countries and exploits LDCs

Question 42

What is the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and what are 2 of its targets?

Answer 42

The GBF is a way to guide biodiversity policy and action. Some targets are halting biodiversity loss, promoting ecosystem restoration, and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources

Question 43

What is the topic of a possible new UN body?

Answer 43

Plastic pollution

Question 44

Who is Amartya Sen and what statement are they known for?

Answer 44

He is a economist who explains that political participation and dissent are constitutive parts of development itself

Question 45

What are a few goals to meet people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit sharing?

Answer 45

manage wild species sustainably to benefit people; restore, maintain, and enhance nature’s contributions to people, and enhance green spaces and urban planning for human well-being and productivity