GEOG 203 Flashcards
FINAL
When did international development begin?
It emerged as a global agenda after WW2, the idea of development began with Trumans 1949 inaugural address “underdeveloped areas”
What do development indicators miss?
Human rights, political freedoms, democracy, power, justice, and equality/equity
Why does political freedom matter and how does it advance development and wellbeing?
Change is faster when citizens are able to voice their concern and when there is political freedom, other development indexes increase
What does it mean that globalization is a rising tide that floats all boats?
Think about the t-shirt example in Bangladesh and Colombia, globalization caused the problem that it is now trying to fix
What is the net increase in inequality in developed countries?
Gap between rich and poor increases
as middle-income jobs are shipped overseas
What is the net increase in inequality in developing countries?
Jobs created by multinationals primarily in urban areas, little to no new income opportunity for unskilled workers in rural areas
Why does free trade restrict growth of infant industries in developing countries?
Local firms get no protection and face competition from multinational companies and it undercuts domestic industries and diversification of markets
Why and how do wealthy countries protect their domestic markets?
protectionist policies like quotas and tariffs, it protects domestic businesses from foreign competition
How does free trade affect the economic livelihoods of producers in developing countries?
It leads to faster productivity growth because it forces specialization
Why is there controversy surrounding free trade and the WTO?
Invites foreign competition with domestic industries, manufacturers move to countries with fewer regulations that lead to pollution and abusive labor practices
What is a vulnerability?
susceptibility or potential for harm to social, infrastructural, economic, and ecological systems
What are drivers of social vulnerability?
historical, political, socio-cultural, institutions, and natural resource processes that shape people’s lives and lifestyles
How do international financial institutions affect vulnerability?
they reinforce existing vulnerability, redistribute vulnerability, or even introduce new sources of vulnerability
What is environmental racism?
Intentional siting of polluting and toxic waste facilities in such communities that are poor and lack political power
What does Global Affairs Canada do?
Manage diplomatic and consular relations, encourage the countries international trade and lead Canada’s international development and humanitarian assistance efforts
What is GAC’s feminist international assistance policy?
Helps the poorest and most vulnerable, supports fragile state and achieve the sustainable development goals, and is human rights based and inclusive
What is a large issue in free trade?
It widens the racial gap, the winners are those who can invest in global concerns, such as financial services, and taxes are not globally controlled so corporations can park their money in offshore accounts to avoid taxes
What is cosmopolitanism?
Those who argue that principles of justice imply moral obligation to address the needs of the poor both nationally and internationally
What is communitarianism?
Takes issue with cosmopolitan assumption that national borders have no moral importances, they believe that political and social community is morally relevant
What is libertarian philosophy (neoliberalism)?
They believe individual rights to freedom and non interference are the central moral good, and places particular value on the right of individuals to acquire and retain private property, they oppose any form of obligatory of redistribution of wealth
What are the 6 conditions necessary for development according to Dudley Seers?
adequate income to cover the needs of basic survival, employment, improvement in the distribution of income, education (especially literacy), political participation, and national autonomy (independence)
Case study for “globalization is a rising tide that floats all boats”
Bangladesh vs Colombia, not every country can be fixed by the same thing, factory workers in Colombia are much better off than those in Bangladesh
Case study for economic partnership agreements (EPA)
Cameroon and EU sign EPA, EU dumps onions and chick parts, shows deceptive promise of free trade, shows the lack of transparency with these agreements
Case studies for vulnerabilities
Hurricane Katrina, Gulf zone of Louisiana very storm-prone, susceptibility and lack of resilience to disaster-determined by structural inequalities of race and class in the US
Case study for environmental racism (smaller one)
Grassy Narrows, ON, (first nations) pulp and paper discharge 1960s, constant mercury pollution, were told not to eat fish, given money to fix in 2017, still can’t eat fish
Case study for environmental racism (larger one)
Flint water crisis, almost half population below poverty line, majority black, 2014 switched to flint river to save money, exposed community to toxins, wasn’t state of emergency until 2016, wasn’t fixed until 2020
Case study for global affairs Canada
Amazon fish for food, over half flood-prone homes in Bolivia are food-insecure, increased fish business in Bolivia (specifically for women), fish production doubled, supplied both jobs and food
what are the 3 categories of technologies for adaptation?
hardware, software, orgware
what is hardware?
technologies that require the transfer and installation of physical material from sources outside the targeted locality
what is software?
technologies that soley involved the transfer of knowledge and/or practice
what is orgware?
technologies that involved the reorganization of social networks and/or institutions
a seed variety was improved, explain the social development elements needed to be implemented with this technology to ensure it achieves adaptation benefits for the target population.
farmer participation, access to education, gender inclusivity, access to resources, knowledge sharing, policy support, and economic safety nets
what is an ultimate outcome and an example?
change in state, condition, or well-being of beneficiaries. example is increased food security of food insecure populations in region Y of country X
what does grasping the impacts of climate change require an understanding of?
shifting weather patterns, rising temperature, increased frequencies of extreme weather events
what is climate-smart agriculture composed of?
sustainably increasing agriculture productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions
what are 3 approaches to CSA interventions?
increasing and sustaining productivity and incomes despite climate change impacts, adapting and building resilience to increased climate shocks - reducing climate risk, and curtailing expansion of cultivated agricultural land
give 3 examples of practices of sustainable agriculture
integrated pest management, enhance building soil organic matter, and reduced tillage (to reduce soil degradation)
what are the key organizations promoting CSA?
world bank, food and agriculture organization (FAO), and CGAIR (a group of 15 independent research centers)
what policies have a role in CSA
SDGs, the Paris agreement, and the sendai framework for disaster risk reduction
what is STAR and what is its goal?
species threat abatement and restoration, and it allows business, governments, and civil society to quantify their potential contributions to stemming global species loss
what are 2 examples of something STAR has been used for?
to quantify and categorize national extinction-risk footprints and to identify policy options for reducing habitat loss due to agricultural expansion in Colombia
What is the role of the world trade organization (WTO) and what is one critique of the organization?
It operates a global system of trade rules, it acts as a forum for negotiating trade agreements, it settles trade disputes between its members and it supports the needs of developing countries. One critique is that the WTO has a bias towards rich countries and exploits LDCs
What is the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) and what are 2 of its targets?
The GBF is a way to guide biodiversity policy and action. Some targets are halting biodiversity loss, promoting ecosystem restoration, and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources
What is the topic of a possible new UN body?
Plastic pollution
Who is Amartya Sen and what statement are they known for?
He is a economist who explains that political participation and dissent are constitutive parts of development itself
What are a few goals to meet people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit sharing?
manage wild species sustainably to benefit people; restore, maintain, and enhance nature’s contributions to people, and enhance green spaces and urban planning for human well-being and productivity
