geo terms 2 Flashcards
adaptation
any action that protects people from the effects of climate change but doesn´t actually fixes the problem from the root.
ageing populaiton
population with a lot of old people ( older than 65). this is bc of long life expectancy and low birth rates.
albedo
how much solar radiation a surface reflects ( white is th egreatest)
anthropogenic carbon flow
the carbon emissions that a country produces annually.
anthropogenic carbon stock
the total amount of human carbon emissions released to the atmosphere since industralization started,
arid
a climate with very little rain
backwash
flows of people, and resources from peripheral to core regions. allows polarization of regional prosperit.
biome
large planetary scale community of animals and plants covering large areas of the continents ( rainforests, desserts)
cap and trade
environmental policy that limits the amount of natural resources you can use
carbon intensity
the amount of co2 that is released per unit of GDP. allows to measure is a country is taking action.
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people an area can support.
circular economy
a design that focuses on reusing the resources and eiminate waste.
civil society
organuzations that negotiate matters of public concern ( in any sector)
climate change
long term movement in climate that is identified by a shift or a change in a climatic event such as rainfall.
consumption
the level of use that a society makes of the resources available.
core periphery system
the uneven spatial distrribution of wealth and population between 2 regions . this means they are going to have a lot of migration.
cryosphere
areas in the surface where the water is solid
deindustralization
the loss of traditional manufacturing industries in rich countries bc they move elsewhere.
demography
the study of population dynamics and changes
desalinization
when salt and other minerals are removed from seawater.
desertification
when arid areas like desserts expand and intensify
development
the ways in which a country is trying to improve its life quality and progress economicallyl. the level of development is shown through economic, social and polotical factors.
ecologial footprint
the size of land that a person will need to live with the essential resources and absorb waste.
el niño southern oscillation ( ENSO)
a sea surface temperature anomaly in the pacific ocean. this is a cliamte cycle that brings variations for a few years.
embedded water
the amount of water footprint or virtual watter attached to a product ( bc of transportation and other commodities)
ENERGY MIX
proportions of hydricarbons, nuclear energy and rennewable energy dources a country needs for its domestic needs.
energy pathways
flows of energy that link consumer and producer regions ( electric lines, pipelines, etc)
energy security
when all people are able to enjoy their energy needs at a low price
eustatic
change in sea level bc of climate change
external forcing
factors that affect earth´s climate system but are outside the planet
extreme poverty
income is too low to meet the basic needs
extreme weather event
an unusual, sever and long lasting occurrence such as droughts or storms.
food availability
sufficient amount of food for thw populaiton
food insecurity
people aren´t able to access the basic food
food security
when a person is able to enjoy nutritious and healthy food. we take into account:
-food availability
-economical/ physical access to food,
-food utilization and stability over time
fragile middle class
lower middle class, have escaped poverty
geo engineering
large scale manipulation of environment in order to make climate change better.
global dimming
matter can reflect solar radiation back into space ( fossil fuels can cool the planet)
globalization
when people have been rapidly connected with one another through various ways in the global system
greenhouse gases
atmospheric gases that absorb radiation and trap the heat causing temperatures to get warmer
green revolution
a period when agriculture improved greatly bc of tech
GDP
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
total value of the output of services and final goods in a nation
human resources
people who have the capacity to work and generate wealth( think of resources but these are human)
hydrocarbons
fossil fuels mix of the lementds in the name. oil, coal, natural gas
indigenous population
an ethnic group who have lived their whole in a place for years without interrumption
informal sector
unoficial forms of work that dont follow government regulation . poor people get jobs in the informal sector
internally displaced people
peole whjo have been forced to flee their home but still are withing their wn country
internal migration
when people migrate within the same country ( urban ro rural and vice)
intervening obstacles
barriers to a migrant like a political border or a physical feature
lorenz curve
a digram that shows to which extent distribution is unequal in an area
mass balance
snowfall gained by a glacier- amount of ice lost through the process of calving.
militia
informal military forced raised by civil society ( freedom fighters or terrorists)
MDGS
millenium development goals
global targets for less poverty and human development by the UN in 2000 ( later followed by SDGS)
mitigation
actions intended to reduce GHG emissions
neoliberal
a managment of society with minimum gov interference
NGMC
new global middle class
poeple with discretionary income
non-renewable resources
resources that are not replaced easily or that come in limited supplies
no-take zone|
banned fishing areas
nutrition transition
the transition to a better diet ( from carbohydrate staples to meat nad fish and proteins)
overpopulation
imbalanced state where there is too much people in relation to the resources a palce has
peak oil
when max rate of global oil production is reached
per capita carbon footprint
the amount of co2 that a personin a country emmits in their daily life
permafrost
ground hat remains -0 degrees for at least 2 years
population density
number of peole living within a specified area
population distribution
relate dto where people live, how they are spread put in earth´s surface
population pyramid
a chart that shows the proportions between the number of male and females in specific age cgroups in a country.
population structure
what makes up a population: ethnicity, age, gender, occupaiton.
PPP
PURCHASING POWER PARITY
a measure of wealth that takes into account the cost of typical basket of goods, in a country
refugee
a person forced to leave thir home due to well founded fear of persecution, war or natural disaster.
renewable energy
power sources that use wind, sunlightl, water, vegetation and geaothermal heat.
renewable resources
natural resources replenished by the environment in short periods of time
replacement level
fertility rate that needs to be mantained so a populaiton keeps its size.
resilience
capacity of society to recover when something shocking has happened
safe water
water that is safe to dribk / use without helth problems
scale
places and areas can be studied through at a geographical scale at alocal level or national level
sex ratio
proportions between men and women
SEZ
SPECIAL ECONOMI CZONE
a specific areas that has a greater liberal trade than the rest of teh country, to improve the economic progress and industrialization there.
stewardship
resource managment that sees humans as caretakers of the world
sustainable development
meeting present needs without compromising future needs
TNCS
transnational coorporations
global brands that are stablished all over the world
tree line
the boundary between a coniferous forest and a tundra biome
tundra
cold dessert ecosystem with cold temperatures. underlain by permafrost
underpopulation
few people relative to the nation´s resources so they can´t be made effective.
urbanization
more people moving to urban areas
WFE nexus
relations betwwen WATER FOOD AND ENERGY, needed to sustainably consume them
water scarcity
annual supply of water per person is too low ( -1000 cumecs)
water security
when all people have all time access to good quality water needed for wellbeing and developent
wicked problem
a challenge that cannot be solved easily due to its correlsastion bwtween different systems.
