Geo: Tectonics and stuff

Question 1

Parts of or earth

Answer 1

Crust:
This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly basalt and granite. oceanic and continental.

Mantle:
The mantle lies below the crust and is up to 2900 km thick. It consists of hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich solid rock

Outer core:

Inner core:
Extremely dense, iron and nickel. spins the fastest Temperatures sizzle at 5,400°

Question 2

Convection currents

Answer 2

Heated mantle material is shown rising from deep inside the mantle, while cooler mantle material sinks, creating a convection current.

Question 3

Continental drift: Plants-animals

Answer 3

—Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents, suggesting that they were once joined.
Movements

Question 4

Continental drift: puzzle

Answer 4

–Also noticed that the plates were able to fit together

Question 5

Continental drift: same

Answer 5

–Identical rocks, of the same type and age, are found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Wegener said the rocks had formed side-by-side and that the land had since moved apart.
Mountain ranges with the same rock types, structures, and ages are now on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean

Question 6

Continental drift: magnets

Answer 6

–Older rocks that are the same age and are located on the same continent point to the same location, but that location is not the current north magnetic pole.
Older rock that are of different ages do not point to the same locations or to the current magnetic north pole.
In other words, although the magnetite crystals were pointing to the magnetic north pole, the location of the pole seemed to wander. Scientists were amazed to find that the north magnetic pole changed location through time

Question 7

Continental drift: argument

Answer 7

Was highly debated- due to no one understanding how the plates where able to move and was only later found out to be moved by convection currents

Question 8

Plate theory: Plate types

Answer 8

Oceanic:
thin and heavy

Contiental:
thick and light

Question 9

Plate theory

Answer 9

Divergent/ constructive:
When the plates move apart and magma is released, volcanic activity and shallow earthquakes

Convergent/ Destructive:
When an oceanic plate goes under a continental, earthquakes and a line of volcanoes

Transform/Conservative:
when 2 plates slide past each other, earthquake.

Question 10

Volcanos: impacts and effects:

Answer 10

Geothermal energy
Attracts tourists
Brings nutrients to environment
Could create large explosion
Ash create problems for people and aircraft
Destroys nature and infrastructure

Question 11

Composite volcanoes

Answer 11

Found at convergent tectonic plate boundaries.
Erupt explosively.
Instead of basaltic lava, composite volcanoes erupt andesitic lava.
Andesitic lava is thicker than basaltic lava because it has more silica in it.
Because andesitic lava is thicker, it travels less far and composite volcanoes have steeper sides, forming a cone shape.
Mount Pinatubo, Mount Vesuvius in Italy and Mount Fuji in Japan are examples

Question 12

Shield volcanoes

Answer 12

Found at divergent tectonic plate margins or hotspots (like in the Pacific).
Not particularly explosive.
They release ‘basaltic lava’ when the volcano erupts. Basaltic lava is like a liquid that flows gradually, creating a volcano with a gentle gradient (rather than a steep slope).
Shield volcanoes do not produce any ash.

Question 13

Iceland case study- Eyjafjallajokull

Answer 13

Location:
Southern tip of iceland, near katla volcano- march 2010

Background:
Shield volcano,1651 meters tall, covered by ice above

Physical factors:
Lies on constructive mid atlantic ridge

Human factors:
Human geo thermal harvesting may effect current

Social impacts:
No casualties but reparation problems, Tourism stop during eruption but increase due to volcano tourism.

Economic impacts:
Falling ash makes farming difficult, but higher lead after due to heat and nutrients for ash.

Environmental impacts:
Flash floods, settling ash effects animals respiration and plant respiration

Political impact: most amount of flights closed over euro since ww2, civil protection deployed to control situation

Short: 700 people evacuated, trauma support for young children

Long term: google travel and trad disrupted, major benefit to biodiversity

Question 14

Key terms: earthquakes

Answer 14

Focus- exactly where earthquake starts.

Epicenter- directly above focus on ground

seismic waves- waves which transmit force

Question 15

Earthquakes: Impacts and effects

Answer 15

Kills people and wildlife
Destroyed building
Mineral underground brought to surface
Can create tsunamis
Destroyed roads, railways and infrastructure

Question 16

Haiti case study

Answer 16

Location: happened in haiti left of dominican republic was most severely affected

Background: Jan 12th 2010, small town 25 km from capital

Physical factors:hati was on a transform plate, caribbean plate, american plate

Human factors: houses used unreinforced concrete, shattered underweight, destroying houses

Social impacts: schoolsHuman services such as water, electricity, communication and transports systems where destroyed, all emergency responds systems destroyed

Economic impacts: shipping and agricultural systems destroyed, lack of jobs and 7.8 billion dollars in damage

Environmental impact: landslides, electrical fires burned down forests and tsunamis on coast

Political impacts: criminals escaped, many people believed gov failed and made their own roaming groups to survive, lead to much political unrest.

Short: 3 million of people effected during and after earthquake

Long: Responds looked a long time to reach, was major human right violations all over nation