geo studying fr this time Flashcards
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Human Activity:
Sparse population engaged in traditional activities like hunting and fishing. Some settlements support scientific research and resource extraction.
Plants and Wildlife:
Tundra vegetation with low plants, mosses, and lichens. Wildlife includes Arctic foxes, muskoxen, caribou, polar bears, seals, and Arctic-adapted bird species.
Landforms:
Glacially shaped landscapes with U-shaped valleys, moraines, cirques, and rugged mountain ranges. Coastal features include raised beaches and sea cliffs.
Climate:
Harsh Arctic climate with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Presence of permafrost is a significant characteristic, influencing the ecosystem and limiting plant and animal life.
Arctic cordillera
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Human Activity:
Sparse human population, primarily Indigenous communities (Inuit) engaged in traditional activities like hunting, fishing, and trapping.
Limited infrastructure due to the challenging environment.
Some scientific research stations and military installations.
Plants and Wildlife:
Low Arctic tundra vegetation, featuring mosses, lichens, and hardy grasses.
Adapted wildlife including Arctic foxes, muskoxen, caribou, polar bears, seals, and various Arctic bird species.
Coastal areas support marine life such as seals and whales.
Landforms:
Glacially shaped landscapes with U-shaped valleys, moraines, and cirques.
Rugged mountainous terrain and plateaus.
Coastal features include fjords, raised beaches, and sea cliffs.
Climate:
Extremely cold climate with prolonged winters and brief summers.
Widespread permafrost, creating a permanently frozen subsurface layer.
Vulnerable to climate change impacts, including melting permafrost and shifts in wildlife habitats.
Northern Arctic
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Climate and Landform:
experiences a cold climate with milder temperatures compared to the northern regions.
Presence of permafrost, but not as extensive as in the northern Arctic.
Diverse landforms include plateaus, mountains, and valleys shaped by glacial processes.
Human Activity:
Sparse population with limited human activity.
Indigenous communities may engage in traditional activities like hunting, fishing, and gathering.
Some areas may see resource development, such as mining or forestry, but on a smaller scale compared to more southern regions.
Plants and Wildlife:
Vegetation is characterized by Arctic tundra with hardy plant species like mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs.
Wildlife includes species adapted to the Arctic environment, such as caribou, Arctic foxes, various bird species, and marine life along the coasts.
Plant and animal diversity is comparatively higher than in the extreme northern Arctic
Southern Arctic
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Landform and Climate:
features vast expanses of flat or gently rolling terrain.
Characterized by a subarctic climate with cold winters and short, warm summers.
Permafrost is present in many areas, influencing the landscape.
Plants and Wildlife:
Dominated by extensive boreal forest consisting of coniferous trees like spruce, pine, and fir.
Common understory plants include mosses, lichens, and shrubs.
Wildlife includes moose, black bears, lynx, wolves, and a variety of bird species. Rivers and lakes support fish like pike and whitefish.
Human Activity:
Indigenous communities, such as the Dene and Cree, traditionally engage in hunting, trapping, and fishing.
Limited agriculture due to the challenging climate and soil conditions.
Resource extraction activities, including forestry and mining, are present but may be constrained by environmental considerations.
Taiga plains
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by a mix of rocky terrain, numerous lakes, and extensive forests.
The landscape includes Precambrian Shield bedrock and glacial features.
The climate is subarctic, with cold winters and short, cool summers.
Plants and Wildlife:
Coniferous forests dominate the vegetation, featuring species like spruce, pine, and larch.
The understory includes mosses, lichens, and low shrubs.
Wildlife includes caribou, moose, wolves, bears, beavers, and various bird species. Lakes and rivers support fish such as trout and whitefish.
Human Activity:
Indigenous communities, like the Cree and Ojibwe, historically relied on hunting, fishing, and trapping.
Traditional activities persist, but some communities may engage in modern economic activities like forestry and tourism.
Resource extraction, such as mining, may occur but is often limited due to environmental concerns and remote locations
Taiga Shield
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by rugged mountainous terrain, part of the larger North American Cordillera.
Glacial features like U-shaped valleys and cirques are common.
The climate is subarctic to Arctic, with cold winters and short, cool summers.
Plants and Wildlife:
Coniferous forests dominate the landscape, with species like spruce, pine, and fir.
Alpine tundra may be present at higher elevations.
Wildlife includes caribou, moose, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and various bird species.
Human Activity:
Sparse human population, often including Indigenous communities engaged in traditional activities like hunting and fishing.
Limited agriculture due to the challenging climate and terrain.
Some areas may see resource development such as mining or forestry, but human impact is generally constrained by the rugged landscape and environmental considerations
Taiga Cordillera
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Landform and Climate:
features relatively flat to gently rolling terrain with some low hills.
It is characterized by a subarctic to subcontinental climate, with cold winters and short, warm summers.
The landscape includes boreal forests, wetlands, and numerous lakes and rivers.
Plants and Wildlife:
Dominated by extensive boreal forest, primarily composed of coniferous trees like spruce, pine, and fir.
Understory vegetation includes mosses, lichens, and shrubs.
Wildlife includes moose, deer, bears, wolves, beavers, and various bird species. Lakes and rivers support fish such as pike and walleye.
Human Activity:
Indigenous communities, such as the Cree and Dene, historically engaged in hunting, trapping, and fishing.
Agriculture is practiced in some areas where the land is suitable.
Forestry and resource extraction are common economic activities, along with some oil and gas development.
Boreal Plains
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by rugged Precambrian Shield bedrock, with numerous lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
The climate is subarctic, featuring cold winters and short, cool summers.
Plants and Wildlife:
Dominated by extensive boreal forest, mainly composed of coniferous trees such as spruce, pine, and fir.
Understory vegetation includes mosses, lichens, and shrubs.
Wildlife includes moose, black bears, wolves, lynx, and various bird species. Lakes and rivers support fish like trout and whitefish.
Human Activity:
Indigenous communities, like the Ojibwe and Cree, historically engaged in traditional activities like hunting, trapping, and fishing.
Limited agriculture due to challenging soil conditions.
Forestry, mining, and tourism are common economic activities, with some areas designated for conservation due to ecological significance
Boreal Shield
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by mountainous terrain, part of the larger North American Cordillera.
Glacial features, including U-shaped valleys and cirques, are prominent.
The climate is subarctic to Arctic, with cold winters and short, cool summers.
Plants and Wildlife:
Coniferous forests dominate the landscape, featuring species like spruce, pine, and fir.
Alpine tundra may be present at higher elevations.
Wildlife includes caribou, moose, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and various bird species.
Human Activity:
Sparse human population, often including Indigenous communities engaged in traditional activities like hunting and fishing.
Limited agriculture due to the challenging climate and terrain.
Some areas may see resource development such as mining or forestry, but human impact is generally constrained by the rugged landscape and environmental considerations. Conservation efforts may be in place due to the ecozone’s ecological significance
Boreal Cordillera
Landform and Climate:
is characterized by mountainous terrain, part of the larger North American Cordillera.
Varied topography with high peaks, deep valleys, and alpine meadows.
The climate is diverse, ranging from subarctic to temperate, with colder temperatures at higher elevations.
Plants and Wildlife:
Vegetation varies with elevation, including coniferous forests at lower elevations, transitioning to alpine meadows and tundra at higher elevations.
Wildlife includes species adapted to mountainous terrain, such as marmots, mountain goats, elk, and various bird species.
Human Activity:
Sparse human population, often including Indigenous communities engaged in traditional activities.
Recreation, such as hiking and skiing, is common in mountainous areas.
Some areas may see resource development, such as mining or forestry, but environmental considerations and conservation efforts are significant due to the ecozone’s ecological importance and sensitivity.
Montane cordillera
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by a mix of flat to gently rolling terrain.
Diverse landscapes include forests, rivers, and agricultural areas.
The climate is humid continental, with warm summers and cold winters.
Plants and Wildlife:
Dominated by mixed deciduous and coniferous forests, including species like maple, oak, pine, and spruce.
Rich biodiversity with a variety of plant and animal species, including deer, squirrels, songbirds, and waterfowl.
Agricultural activities, such as crop cultivation, are common in parts of the ecozone.
Human Activity:
Higher human population density compared to some northern ecozones.
Intensive agriculture, including the cultivation of grains, fruits, and vegetables.
Urban and suburban development, with cities like Toronto and Montreal located within the ecozone.
Recreational activities, including hiking, camping, and water sports, are popular in natural areas
Mixedwood plains
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by vast expanses of flat to gently rolling grasslands.
The landscape includes fertile soils, with occasional hills and river valleys.
The climate is continental, featuring hot summers and cold winters with low precipitation.
Plants and Wildlife:
Dominated by tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies, with native grasses like buffalo grass, blue grama, and big bluestem.
Wildlife includes large herbivores like bison, as well as pronghorn, coyotes, and a variety of bird species.
Wetlands support waterfowl and other aquatic species.
Human Activity:
Intensive agriculture, particularly for grain cultivation and cattle ranching.
Urban centers like Calgary and Winnipeg are situated within the ecozone.
Oil and gas extraction are significant economic activities.
Conservation efforts aim to protect remaining patches of natural prairie and restore native ecosystems.
Prairies
Landform and Climate:
is characterized by flat and poorly drained terrain.
Extensive wetlands, including peatlands and bogs, are common.
The climate is subarctic, with cool summers and cold winters, and a short growing season.
Plants and Wildlife:
Vegetation consists of mosses, lichens, and shrubs in poorly drained areas.
Wetlands support unique plant species adapted to waterlogged conditions.
Wildlife includes caribou, muskoxen, waterfowl, and migratory birds.
Human Activity:
Sparse human population, with Indigenous communities historically engaged in hunting, trapping, and fishing.
Limited agriculture due to the challenging climate and terrain.
Resource extraction, such as mining and forestry, may occur but is constrained by the sensitive ecosystem.
Conservation efforts focus on preserving the unique wetland habitats and maintaining the ecological balance of the region
Hudson’s plains
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Landform and Climate:
is characterized by a mix of coastal landscapes, hills, and low mountains.
The climate is maritime, with mild winters and cool summers, influenced by the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.
Plants and Wildlife:
Diverse vegetation includes mixed forests of hardwoods and conifers, such as maple, birch, spruce, and fir.
Abundant wildlife, including white-tailed deer, moose, black bears, and various bird species.
Coastal areas support marine life, and estuaries are important habitats for fish and migratory birds.
Human Activity:
Higher population density compared to some northern ecozones, with urban areas like Halifax and St. John’s.
Agriculture, including fruit orchards and dairy farming, is practiced in some areas.
Fishing and seafood industries are significant along the coast.
Tourism is a notable economic activity, drawing visitors to the scenic landscapes and coastal attractions.
Atlantic Maritime
Landform and Climate:
is characterized by a diverse landscape of coastal mountains, valleys, and islands.
The climate is maritime, featuring mild, wet winters and cool, dry summers influenced by the Pacific Ocean.
Plants and Wildlife:
Lush vegetation, including temperate rainforests with species like cedar, hemlock, and Douglas fir.
Rich biodiversity with diverse plant and animal life, including bears, cougars, elk, and various bird species.
Coastal areas support marine life, including salmon, whales, and seabirds.
Human Activity:
Urban centers like Vancouver and Seattle are located within the ecozone.
Forestry is a significant economic activity, with timber extraction from the temperate rainforests.
Fishing and aquaculture industries are prominent along the coast.
Tourism thrives, attracting visitors to the scenic landscapes, outdoor recreation, and coastal attractions
Pacific Maritime
