GEO: Rivers

Question 1

Hydrological cycle

Question 2

Types of Evaporation

Answer 2

1. Evaporation: water gets heated by the sun, turns into water vapour and then rises into the air.

2.Transpiration: process by which water is transferred from vegetation to the atmosphere.

Question 3

the process of evaporation depend on it’s speed, depth…
Which are the 3 main ones.

Answer 3

1. the hotter the temperature the faster the speed in which the water turns into vapour and then rises.
2. the higher the windspeed the slower the process of evaporation because cold wind cools the heatness and also wind blows water vapour away
3. is the water quality is fresh , clear the more evaporation
   4.if the depth of the water has a wider and shallower surface are then there is more evaporation

Question 4

Condensation

Answer 4

process by which vapour changes state from a gas, it cools, turns into a liquid, and forms clouds.

Question 5

precipitation and types of precipitation

Answer 5

moisture/ water particles that fall to the ground

types: rain,snow,hail,sleet

Question 6

when does precipitation happen?

Answer 6

1. when the air is saturated
2. temperature below dew point
3. there is a nucleus to form around for heavy drops

Question 7

what happens to the water when it reached the ground ? (6)

Answer 7

percolation, interception,infiltration,surface run off, throughflow,groundwater

Question 8

label the diagram, photo on iPad

Question 9

infiltration + surface run off

Answer 9

infiltration is when water gets absorbed by the ground, It depends on the amount of rainfall,vegetation, types soil.

water that doesn’t infiltrate because of saturated soil like cement or a lot of percipitation and the ground can’t absorb more then water flow on top of the ground.

Question 10

percolation + interception

Answer 10

percolation is water falling down the ground (in unsaturated zone) to the rocks beneath

interception is when the water is being stopped from reaching the ground because of vegetation

Question 11

explain why the amount of interception varies

1.from place to place
2.at different times of year

Answer 11

1. because it depends on the amount of vegetation and plants and if there is and so if you are in a forest there is more interception as there is more vegetation than if you are in a desert where there is nothing so less interception or in urbanised zones where its covered of cement
   2.also because it depends on the amount of vegetation as interception happens if thee is a lot of plants and vegetation so if it’s spring there is more interception as there is more plants and vegetation that if it’s winter that everything is kind of dead.

Question 12

throughflow + groundwater flow

Answer 12

throughflow is water flowing though the soil

groundwater flow is water that flows under ground through rows and gets to sea or lake

Question 13

evapotranspiration

Answer 13

is the combined effect of evaporation and transpiration.

Question 14

characteristics of a river
6

Answer 14

source- place where the river begins
watershed- the imaginary lines that surrounds the river basin and seperates them from another river basin. any rainfall that falls outside of that watershed will flow into another river basin.
tributary- a small river that joins a larger river
confluence- the point where the tributary joins the main river channel
estuary- part of the mouth which is more tidal
mouth- point where the river enters the sea

Question 15

Bradshaw model

Answer 15

the Bradshaw model tells you what aspects of the river change as you advance in the course.

Question 16

what features of the river increase as you go downstream (to the mouth)

5

Answer 16

-discharge- as si charge is the amount of water in a river as tribuatrys join and surface and groundwater flow add to it then there is more water.
-load quantity- as a river moves downstream , more erosion occurs along the river banks and bed. eroded particles are added to the river’s load.
-the width- there is more lateral erosion because there is more energy and
-depth. there us more energy too so erodes vertically
velocity- there is more energy pushing the water and in the downstream there is no big rocks so it flows easily and rapidly

Question 17

what features of the river decrease as you go downstream

Answer 17

load particle size- because of erosion the rocks get smaller

Question 18

erosion, transportation, deposition

Answer 18

erosion- this where the river or the sea wears the rocks away.
transportation- where the river or sea carries the eroded material. pebbles, sand, boulders,slit that was eroded by the river
deposition- when a river no longer has the energy to Carr the load, it gradually drops it on the river ed or in the mouth.

Question 19

types of erosion (4)
draw a diagram for each

Answer 19

attrition- where rock fragments carried by the waves hit against each other and gradually become sand or slit
hydraulic action- as waves break against the river banks, the pressure of the wave compress into cracks and holes of the river bank. the force gradually open the cracks.
abrasion- where rock fragments are scraping against the bed and the banks wearing it away
solution- it’s a chemical action. its the dissolving of rocks such as chalk and limetone

Question 20

explain how rivers erode their valleys.

Question 21

transportation processes (4)

Answer 21

solution- this is when dissolved material is carried by the river. a chemical change
traction- material that is too large to be carried by the river are pushed and rolled along the river bed
suspension- light, material is carried along the river
saltation- small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Question 22

deposition process and main reason

Answer 22

main reason is it loses energy
- a river drops its load when the speed or volume of the river decreases.
- the heavier material is deposited first and the finer material carried further.
-is too much deposition is deposited deltas are created.

Question 23

the long profile
- the 3 stages and features of them

Answer 23

• as the river flows from its source to the sea it goes through 3 stages.
• the upper stage- narrow, steep, v-shaped
  -the middle stage - meanders, wider floor
• the lover stage - really pronounced meanders, flat floor.