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geo exam review packet Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the effects of tectonic plates slowly moving around?

A

Volcanos
Earthquakes
Mountain range
New crust

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2
Q

How does the rock cycle work?

A

The rock cycle is a web of processes that outlines how each of the three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—form and break down based on the different applications of heat and pressure over time

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3
Q

How did the glaciers help shape canada?

A

It created the great lakes and niagara falls

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4
Q

What are the 6 factors that affect climate?

A

latitude
ocean currents
wind air and mass
elevation
relief
near water

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5
Q

what are ocean currents?

A

Bringing the warm currents make the eastern coast warmer, while the cold currents make the west coast cooler

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6
Q

what is latitude?

A

As you move northward, temperature increase due to the angle sunlight reaches earth’s surface

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7
Q

wind air and mass?

A

the westerlies bring moist air from the pacific ocean leading to more precipitation on the west coast

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8
Q

What does elevation affect?

A

Higher grounds such as the rockies have cooler temperature due to the decrease in air pressure.

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9
Q

what is relief?

A

The rocky mountains & Appalachian Mountains influence weather patterns by blocking air masses, resulting in either side of the mountain having different climate.

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10
Q

What does near water affect/do?

A

Maritime climate, canada has vast coastlines along the atlantic ocean, as well as the gulf of st lawrence and arctic ocean. Being near water influences the climate.

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11
Q

How does climate change affect different parts of canada?

A

Rising sea levels
Fishing stocks affected
More storms
Melting glaciers
Less sea ice

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12
Q

What are the causes of climate change? What are some solutions?

A

Greenhouse gasses

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13
Q

What are some concerns about Canada’s population?

A

Consistent access to healthy food is not available for Territories. And when it is, it is very expensive. Canada is relying on immigrants to grow the population.

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14
Q

What sort of impacts did China’s 1 child policy have on its society?

A

Decline in country’s birth rate and population growth
Gender imbalance, male preference

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15
Q

What could Japan do to try and fix its rapidly shrinking population problem?

A

Women and elderly engaged in the workforce
Incentives for having a family
Encouraging people to date
Encouraging more immigrants and foreign workers
Limits on the amount of overtime

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16
Q

How has Canada’s population changed in the last few decades? How will it change in the next few decades?

A
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17
Q

What are some causes and effects of rapid population growth?

A

higher birth rates
-lower mortality rates

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18
Q

What are some causes and effects of rapid population decline?

A

Diseases and war

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19
Q

How important is immigration to Canadian society?

A

Immigrants contribute to the economy by filling labor gaps and paying taxes but also spending money on transportation and housing.

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20
Q

What are some pros and cons of the mosaic or melting pot system? Which one do you think is better?

A

Pros: having a better understanding of different cultures around the world
Cons: There is pressure for immigrants to start not doing the traditions they would do in their home country or forgetting their native language
I think

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21
Q

What are some of the main problems with modern cities?

A

-affordable housing
-overcrowding
-waste management
-Pollution
-healthcare

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22
Q

Why is low-density urban sprawl a problem?

A

-environmental impact
-Public health concerns
-loss of agriculture land

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23
Q

How can we design more sustainable cities and neighbourhoods?

A

-improving public transport
-reducing waste
-increased use of renewable energy
-building more green spaces
-more sustainable buildings

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24
Q

How can we design cities to be less car-dependent?

A

-adding more transportation systems
-invest more in public transit

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25
Q

How can we extract our natural resources in more sustainable ways?

A

-using more technology
-more government support

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26
Q

How have Canada’s job industries changed over time?

A

-having a green economy and making it more sustainable
-using more advanced technology
-more manufactacturing

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27
Q

Time zones (how many of them are there, who invented them)

A

-6 time zones
-Sir Sandford Fleming

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28
Q

Theory of Continental Drift and Wegener’s 4 proofs, Pangaea:

A

-believed all continents used to be one (pangaea)
-South America and Africa seem to fit
-fossils of the same plants and animals are on different continents
-identical mountains and rocks are on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
-cold places were once warm and warm places were once cold

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29
Q

Theory of Plate Tectonics:

A

-earth’s other shell consists of plates that move on top of hot magma

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30
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth?

A

-Crust: thin rocky surface
-Mantle: molten rock slowly moving thickest part
-Outer core: mostly molten, liquid iron
-Inner core: solid ball of iron and nickel

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31
Q

what is the laurentide ice sheet?

A
  • a massive sheet of ice that covers millions of square miles
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32
Q

what are the plate boundaries?

A

-Divergent Boundary: plates moving further and further away from each other
-Convergent Boundary: plates pushing towards each other
-Transform Boundary: 2 plate slide past each other

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33
Q

what is the rock cycle?

A

Magma- cools and hardens
into Ignatius rocks- weathering , erosion and deposition
into sedimentary rocks which heat and pressure
into metamorphic rocks
which then melt back into magma

ignatius rocks can turn into metamorphic rocks and than sedimentary

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34
Q

3 Types of Rocks

A

-Igneous Rock is formed when magma cools and hardens
-Sedimentary Rock is formed from particles called sediment, then it gets turned into by being buried and compacted by pressure.
-Metamorphic Rock that had been transformed by great heat or pressure

35
Q

what are the landform regions?

A

-Canadian Shield
-Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands
-Appalachians
-Interior Plains
-Western Cordillera
-Arctic Lands
-Hudson Bay lowlands

36
Q

What is the Canadian Shield?

A

U-shaped around Hudson’s bay, formed 3 billion years ago, lots of lakes, low hills, exposed rock, pine forests, smaller cities, Industries are logging, mining and hydro dams.

37
Q

what are the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands?

A

Southern ON+QU, formed in paleozoic, flat and gentle hills, lots of farmland, big cities, industries are dairy farming, service jobs and tourism

38
Q

what are the Appalachians?

A

Eastern Canada, formed in the paleozoic, low, round hills, covered with forests, smaller cities, industries are fishing, farming and logging.

39
Q

what are the Interior Plains?

A

Prairie provinces and NWT, formed in the Mesozoic era, flat ground with few trees, medium cities, industries are fossil fuels, and farming.

40
Q

what is the Western Cordillera?

A

BC and YK, tall snow, capped mountains, fry valleys and temperate rainforests, big and medium cities, industries are tourism, mining and farming.

41
Q

what are the Arctic Lands?

A

In NWT and NU, formed in the Paleozoic era, flatland has permafrost, treeless, very few small communities, industries are hunting and fishing,

42
Q

what are the five types of climate?

A

-Tropical
-dry
- temperate
- continental
- polar

43
Q

what are the Hudson Bay lowlands?

A

Around Hudson’s bay, mostly in ON and MB, formed in the paleozoic era, ponds and small lakes, gravel beaches and rivers, small towns and Indigenous communities, industries are mining, forestry and tourism.

44
Q

what is tropical climate?

A

hot, humid, average temp is greater than 18, temp range is very small

45
Q

what is dry climate?

A

very little precipitation, precipitation happens during summer, little to no bodies of water

46
Q

what is temperate climate?

A

warm and humid summer and cool winters, moderate rainfall, distinct season changes

47
Q

what is a continental climate?

A

warm summers and very cold winters, wide temp ranges, distinct seasonal changes, less precipitation, far from ocean

48
Q

what is polar climate?

A

extremely cold, far from equator, not a lot of precipitation

49
Q

what temp is continental/ maritime?

A

Temperature range more than 25= continental
Less than 25= maritime

50
Q

what precipitation is continental/maritime?

A

Precipitation: over 1000mm is maritime and under 1000mm in continental
More precipitation in the winter is maritime and more precipitation in the summer is continental

51
Q

Age Cohorts:
in order:

A

Lost Generation
G.I. Generation
Silent Generation
Baby Boomers
Gen X
Gen Y/ Millennials
GEN Z
Gen Alpha

52
Q

the Lost Generation:

A

Born 1883-1900, lived through WW1

53
Q

Silent Generation-

A

born 1925-1945, not many were born because of the war and great depression.

53
Q

G.I. Generation

A

Born 1901-1924, came of age during the great depression, fought in WW2, survival was key to them

54
Q

Baby Boomers

A
  • born 1946- 1964, they make up fo ⅓ of the population
55
Q

Gen X

A

born 1965-1980, smaller generation because of birth control pills

56
Q

Gen Y/ Millennials

A

born 1981-1995, huge generation because their parents were a huge generation, delayed adulthood

57
Q

GEN Z

A

born 1996- 2010, digital natives

58
Q

Gen Alpha

A

born 2010-2024, lots of only children

59
Q

what is the birth rate?
what is the equation?

A

the number of live births per thousand people per year
equation: # of births x 1000

60
Q

what is fertility rate?

A

the number of births per woman in her lifetime

61
Q

what is the death rate?
what is the formula?

A

number of deaths per thousand people per year
Formula: # of deaths x 1000

62
Q

what is the Rate of Natural Increase?

A

how much the population is changing naturally
birth rate- death rate

63
Q

what is the Immigration Rate?equation?

A

-# of immigrants per 1000 people per year
Formula: # of immigrants x 1000

64
Q

what is the Emigration Rate? equation?

A

-number of emigrants leaving the country
Formula: # of emigrants x 1000

65
Q

what is the Rate of Migratory Increase

A

how much the population is changing by on migration

66
Q

what is population growth? formula?

A

how much the population is changing in terms of births, deaths, and migration
Formula: (RNI + RMI) x 0.1

67
Q

what are the five types of immigrations? what are they?

A

Permanent residents are citizens of other countries.
-Temporary Workers issued for work visas
-Refugees people who come to Canada for protection
-Economic immigrants are live-in caregivers, business class immigrants
-Family class are people who are brought to canada through their families

68
Q

what are these?
-0 of longitude
-90 N
-66.5 N
-23.5 N
-0 of latitude
- 23.5 S
-66.5 S
-90 S
-180 of longitude

A

0 of longitude: primeridian
-90 N: North Pole
-66.5 N: Arctic Circle
-23.5 N: Tropic of cancer
-0 of latitude: equator
- 23.5 S: Tropic of capricorn
-66.5 S: Antarctic Circle
-90 S: south pole
-180 of longitude: International Date line

69
Q

what are the different types of industries?

A

-Primary
-Secondary
-Tertiary
-Quaternary
-Quinary

70
Q

what is a Primary industry?

A

harvest products from earth (farming, fishing forestry)

71
Q

what is a Quinary industry?

A

decision makers (government officials, CEOs)

71
Q

what is a secondary industry

A

uses raw materials to manufacture products (construction, food processing)

72
Q

what is a tertiary industry?

A

provides service (healthcare, schools, retail, law, restaurants)

73
Q

what is a quaternary industry?

A

knowledge based (scientific research, information tech)

74
Q

when and what was the “newfoundland cod”?

A

In 1992 a moratorium on fishing was declared putting 40000 people out of jobs

75
Q

Energy Sources that are renewable and non-renwable: what are they and what do they do?

A

Hydroelectricity: generators pushed by water
-Solar power: photovoltaic cells
-Windpower
-Geo thermal energy: makes use of earth’s natural heat
-Tidal Energy: kinetic energy of sea waves
-Ecological footprint: represents the land area needed to provide resources and absorb the waste and greenhouse gasses produced by an individual

76
Q

what is NIMBYism

A

the behavior of someone who does not want something to be built or done near where they live, although it does need to be built or done somewhere

77
Q

what is Urban Hierarchy?

A

it is ranking system based on importance of a city or town

78
Q

what is Gentrification?

A

a process where a poor urban area changes because of the people

79
Q

what are slums?

A

unhealthy living areas

80
Q

what is urbanization?

A

process of making a area more urban

81
Q
A

Geography exam (3 decks)

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