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Semester 2 > Geo Exam > Flashcards

Geo Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How are metamorphic rock formed?

A

is formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are exposed to great heat and pressure.
EX. Marble used for buildings and structures, also countertops.

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2
Q

How are sedimentary rock formed?

A

is formed in layers of compression of sediment over millions of years.
EX. Limestone, used for brick buildings

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3
Q

How are igneous rock formed?

A

is formed when magma losses heat. The magma cools and crystallizes into igneous rock
Intrusive: formed inside the earth when magma cools, slower process, coarser crystal
Extrusive: formed above ground, magma cools quickly, finer crystal.
EX. Granite, used for natural structures and countertops.

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4
Q

What is Alfred Wagner’s theory on continental drift

A

300 million years ago, all of earths landmasses, which were in constant motion, collided to form one supercontinent 

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5
Q

What evidence does Wagner use to support his theory?

A
  1. Continents such as South America and Africa fit into one another like a jigsaw puzzle.
  2. Fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents. Only possible if the continents are once joined together.
  3. Mountains, similar in age structure on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
  4. Ice sheets covered Southern Africa, India, Australia, and South America about 250 million years ago. The only explanation is that at one time the continents were located closer to the south pole.
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6
Q

How does Wagner explain his theory

A

About 200 million years ago, Pangia broke apart and the continents have drifted to their present location

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7
Q

Who is J. Tuzo Wilson

A

In the 1960s Wilson, who is a Canadian scientist supports the theory of continental drift with the theory of plate tectonics

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8
Q

Plate tectonics- How do they work? Where do they occur?

A

confection current are the circular movements of magma under the surface that is created by uneven heating in the mantle.

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9
Q

Divergent fault

A

When two plates move away from each other and molten rock(lava) which comes to the surface, cools and hardens, forming new crust 

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10
Q

Convergent fault

A

Known as subduction, when two plates collide and one plate slides under the other, forcing it up. These areas are characterized by volcanos and earthquakes.

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11
Q

Translation

A

Not a mountain building process. Is when two plates move laterally (side-by-side) in opposing direction

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12
Q

What are the parts of soil

A
  1. O-organic material
  2. A Horizon- topsoil
  3. B Horizon- sub-soil
  4. C Horizon- parent material
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13
Q

O-organic material

A

former living material (many plants) in the process of breaking down

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14
Q

A Horizon- topsoil

A

rich in organic materials; takes hundreds of years to produce; actually quite thin; made of humus (the living part of soil)

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14
Q

B Horizon- sub-soil

A

mainly inorganic material (broken up rock) with some organic material

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15
Q

C Horizon- parent material

A

broken up bedrock or solid bedrock

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16
Q

what are the four components of soil?

A

Minerals, bacteria & organic materials, air, and moisture

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17
Q

Bacteria & Organic Materials

A

Bacteria decomposes plants and animal materials back into the soil, as it breaks down it forms humus which provides nutrients, moisture, and dark colour to plants and soil

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17
Q

minerals

A

comes from broken up rocks caused by weathering called parent materials and it provides nutrients that plants need for growth.

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18
Q

Air

A

plants need air around their roots. These air pockets are created by worms, insects, and small animals that tunnel through the soil.

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19
Q

Moisture

A

water dissolves nutrients so can be taken up by plants. It also helps break down rocks and decay organic material.

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20
Q

Deciduous vs. Coniferous leaves

A

Carnivorous trees=cold temperatures
Deciduous trees=warm temperatures
Carnivorous trees are one bearing trees with needles. Deciduous trees are trees that loose their leaves each year

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21
Q

What is leaching

A

*where there is a lot of precipitation
*downward movement of water through soil
*dissolves nutrients and carries downward
*in very wet climates, nutrients carried so deep that plant roots can’t reach them

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22
Q

What is Calcification

A

*in drier climates
*water drawn to surface by capillary action
*water evaporates
*minerals/nutrients that are dissolved in the soil water are carried to the surface and deposited there as the water evaporates
*can lead to rich topsoil – full of nutrients
*In extreme cases so much is deposited that the soil becomes poisonous to plants

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23
Q

What are the natural vegetation regions

A

-tundra
-Boreal and taiga forest
-mixed forest
-deciduous forest
-grasslands
-cordillera vegetation
-west coast forest

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24
Q

Stages of convectional rainfall

A

s1-the sun heats the ground and warm air rises
s2-as the air rises it cools and water vapour condenses to form clouds
s3-when the condensation point is reached, large cumulonimbus clouds are formed
s4-Heavy rain storms occur. These
usually include thunder and lightening due to the electrical charge created by unstable conditions.

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25
Q

Stages of cyclonic precipitation

A

s1-an area of warm air meets an area of cool air
s2-the warm air is forced over the cold air
s3-where the air meets, the warm air is cooled an water vapour condenses
s4-clouds form and precipitation occurs

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26
Q

Stages of relief precipitation

A

s1-Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land
s2-as the air rises it cools and condenses. clouds form and precipitation occurs.
s3-the drier air descends and warms
s4-any moisture in the air (clouds) evaporate

27
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

weather is the day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere. it includes temperature, precipitation, humidity, windspeed and direction, cloud cover and air pressure. Climate is the long term pattern of weather.

28
Q

what is LOWERN stand for

A

L-latitude
O-ocean currents
W-winds and air masses
E-elivation
R-relief
N-near water

29
Q

L-latitude

A

DISTANCE FROM THE EQUATOR IS A KEY FACTOR IN DETERMINING WHETHER A REGION HAS A HOT OR COLD CLIMATE. THE ENERGY FROM THE SUN THAT HITS THE EARTH AT THE EQUATOR COVERS A SMALL AREA. THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT HITS THE EARTH AT A MORE NORTHERLY [OR SOUTHERLY] LOCATION IS SPREAD OVER A LARGER AREA BECAUSE OF THE EARTH’S CURVATURE.

30
Q

O-ocean currents

A

OCEAN CURRENTS AFFECT CLIMATE. THE TEMPERATURE OF AN OCEAN CURRENT AFFECTS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR THAT PASSES OVER IT. THE TEMPERATURE OF AN OCEAN CURRENT IN COMPARISON TO THE SURROUNDING WATER DETERMINES WHETHER IT IS A COLD OR WARM CURRENT.

31
Q

W-wind and air masses

A

AN AIR MASS ORIGINATING OVER AN OCEAN CONTAINS MOISTURE. AS THE AIR PASSES OVER LAND, THE MOISTURE MAY BE RELEASED IN A FORM OF PRECIPITATION. AS A RESULT, A MARITIME LOCATION IS LIKELY TO RECEIVE MORE PRECIPITATION THAN AN INLAND OR CONTINENTAL LOCATION. THOUGH, AN AIR MASS ORIGINATING OVER LAND, FAR FROM THE OCEAN, WILL BE DRY BECAUSE IT LACKS THE MOISTURE.

32
Q

E-elivation

A

TEMPERATURE DECREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES. AIR LOSES 1°C FOR EVERY 100M OF ELEVATION.AS THE AIR RISES, IT COOLS AND EXPANDS. IT EVENTUALLY REACHES A TEMPERATURE THAT THE AIR IS HOLDING AS MUCH WATER AS IT POSSIBLY CAN AT THAT TEMPERATURE AND AIR PRESSURE. THIS IS CALLED THE DEWPOINT. FURTHER COOLING LEADS TO CONDENSATION.

33
Q

R-relief

A

MOUNTAIN BARRIERS CREATE RELIEF (OROGRAPHIC) PRECIPITATION. PREVAILING WINDS BRING WARM MOIST AIR TO THE WINDWARD SLOPE OF A MOUNTAIN RANGE. AIR IS FORCED TO RISE; IT EXPANDS, COOLS AND CONDENSES. CLOUDS FORM; PRECIPITATION FORMS DEPENDING ON WEATHER CONDITIONS – TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE. AIR DESCENDS ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS; IT CONTRACTS AND BECOMES WARMER. THIS RESULTS IN A DRIER CLIMATE, OR RAIN SHADOW, ON THE LEEWARD SLOPE OF THE MOUNTAIN RANGE THAN ON THE WINDWARD SLOPE

33
Q

N-near water

A

WATER HEATS AND COOLS MORE SLOWLY THAN LAND; THEREFORE, THE COASTAL REGIONS WILL STAY COOLER IN THE SUMMER AND WARMER IN THE WINTER. A MORE MODERATE CLIMATE IS CREATED WITH A SMALLER TEMPERATURE RANGE. CONTINENTAL CLIMATE IS COOLER, DRYER, WITH LESS VEGETATION. MARITIME CLIMATE IS WARMER, WETTER WITH MORE VEGETATION

34
Q

difference between a maritime and continental climate

A

Continental climate is cooler, dryer, and has less vegetation. As an example: Alberta
Maritime climate is warmer, wetter, with more vegetation . As an example: New Brunswick

35
Q

Primary

A

-THIS LEVEL IS INDUSTRY IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS EXTRACTION
-THESE INDUSTRIES EXTRACT OR PRODUCE RAW MATERIALS
Including: Mining, forestry, finishing, and agriculture.
-PRODUCES “RAW MATERIALS” THAT REQUIRE FURTHER PROCESSING FOR HUMAN USE.
-THESE ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS FROM WHICH ITEMS CAN BE MADE

36
Q

Know Types of Industries

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

36
Q

Secondary

A

-THIS LEVEL OF INDUSTRY IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS MANUFACTURING
-THESE INDUSTRIES CHANGE RAW MATERIALS INTO USABLE PRODUCTS THROUGH PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING
-THE TERMS “VALUE ADDED” IS SOMETIMES APPLIED TO PROCESSED AND MANUFACTURED ITEMS SINCE THE CHANGE FROM A RAW MATERIAL TO A USABLE PRODUCT INCREASES THE VALUE.
-INCLUDES: MANUFACTURING, ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL, CLOTHING, BREWING…INDUSTRIES

37
Q

Tertiary

A

-THIS LEVEL OF INDUSTRY IS REFERRED TO AS SERVICE INDUSTRIES
-THESE INDUSTRIES PROVIDE ESSENTIAL SERVICES AND SUPPORT TO ALLOW OTHER LEVELS OF INDUSTRY TO FUNCTION.
-PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INDUSTRIES CAN NOT FUNCTION WITHOUT THIS LEVEL SO THE TERM “SPIN OFF” INDUSTRY IS SOMETIMES APPLIED
-INCLUDES:FINANCE, UTILITIES, EDUCATION, RETAIL, HOUSING, MEDICAL…

38
Q

Quaternary

A

-THIS LEVEL OF INDUSTRY IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS INFORMATION INDUSTRIES.
-THESE INDUSTRIES ARE THE CREATION AND TRANSFER OF INFORMATION, INCLUDING RESEARCH AND TRAINING.
-THIS LEVEL HAS SEEN A DRAMATIC GROWTH AS A RESULT OF ADVANCEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC DISPLAY AND TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION

39
Q

Basic Industries

A

Industries that sell their products outside the community, bringing “new” money into the community
EX.Coal miner in northeastern British Columbia or Professor at Queen’s University

40
Q

Non-Basic Industries

A

Industries that sell their products within the
community, not bringing “new” money into
the community
EX. Hairdresser at a shopping mall or Teller at the local bank

41
Q

Renewable vs Nonrenewable resources

A

Renewable Resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully
Non-renewable Resources:resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up

42
Q

What does sustainability mean? – Provide examples

A

the ability of something to be sustained or ability of something to last.
EX. Life below water: Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean. Life on land: Planting trees to help protect the environment.

43
Q

What is an ecological footprint

A

A WAY OF MEASURING THE DEMAND HUMANS PUT ON THE ENVIRONMENT. THE AMOUNT OF SPACE
NEEDED TO SUPPORT A PERSON’S ACTIVITIES. CAN BE
USED TO MEASURE ONE PERSON OR THE POPULATION OF A CITY, COUNTRY OR THE WORLD.

44
Q

What is Canada’s eco footprint and how can we reduce the size of our Footprint?

A

Canadian ecological footprint is 7.25 hectares. We can help reduce it recycling what you can’t reuse and compost organic waste. Avoid food waste, which is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Also biking, walking, or taking public transit to reduce carbon emissions.

45
Q

How does an increase in the global eco print affect you?

A

Increased ecological footprints mean that the earth will not be able to support the life in it. It would lead to depletion of resources and eventually extinction of many living things.

46
Q

Define Stewardship.

A

The responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem resilience and human well-being

47
Q

What is Solar Energy Generations?

A

converts sunlight into electrical energy. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.

48
Q

What is the Hydrosphere

A

A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.

49
Q

Define global warming

A

GLOBAL WARMING IS THE RISING OF THE AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE OF EARTH.

50
Q

Global warming vs. Climate change?

A

“Global warming” refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. “Climate change” refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time; including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

51
Q

Demographics

A

The study of statistics such as: briths, deaths, immigration/emigration, income, and incidence of disease

52
Q

Know your demographic rates: BR, DR, NIR, IR, ER, NMR, PGR, and doubling time. – Be able to explain what each mean.

A

-BR: Number of births per 1000 people in Canada per year
Formula: BR= (# of births per year/ total pop.) x 1000
-DR: Number of deaths per 1000 people in Canada per year
Formula: DR= (# of deaths per year/ total pop.) x 1000
-NIR: Difference between the BR and DR of Canada
Formula: NIR= BR-DR
-IR: Number of people who have immigrated to Canada per 1000 people in Canada per year
Formula: IR= (# of immigrants per year/ total pop.) x 1000
-ER: Number of people who have emigrated to Canada per 1000 people in Canada per year
Formula: ER= (# of immigrants per year/ total pop.) x 1000
-NMR: Difference between the IR and ER of Canada
Formula: NMR=IR-ER
-PGR: Combines NIR and NMR to calculate the overall growth of Canadas population
Formula: PGR=NIR+NMR
-Doubling time: the amount of time it takes for the population to double. For this we use the rule of 70
Formula: DT= 70/PGR

53
Q

What does a wide base mean on a population pyramid?

A

it means it has a lot of young people, and its birth rate is high.

54
Q

A narrow base?

A

it means it doesn’t have a lot of young people, and its birth rate is low.

55
Q

A wide central area?

A

during that time there was a higher birth rate

56
Q

A narrow central area?

A

during that time there was a lower birth rate

57
Q

A wide top?

A

Shrinking population and long life expectancy

58
Q

A narrow top

A

High birth rate and short life expectancy

59
Q

Immigration vs. Emigration

A

immigration:a person who comes to live permanently in another country
emigration: a person who leaves their own country to live permanently in another country

60
Q

Push Factors vs. Pull Factors

A

push factor:factors that force people to make them want to move to another country
Eg. Environmental- A volcano floods a village with lava, destroying the city and causing people to flee to a neighboring country. Economic-High levels of unemployment cause people to relocate to a country with more jobs in order to support their families. Religious- A religious group relocates to a new country that allows them to live according to their beliefs.

Pull Factors:Preferences or desires that cause people to want to move to another country.
Eg. Environmental-People choose to relocate to a new country with cleaner air and a healthier population. Cultural- A thriving ethnic community In North America attracts Ethnic entrepreneurs from another country, (e.x.Chinese Immigrants open a business In a North American Chinatown. Family-Large numbers of villagers relocate, following the steps of other relatives and extended family in relocating to a certain city in another country.

61
Q

What is a Refugee and Assimilation?

A

Refugee:people who fear cruel treatment or death in their home country
Assimilation:Assimilation is defined as the complete integration of someone of minority status into a dominant culture.
EX. if you’re a Buddhist Korean immigrant who moves to the United States, you are entering this country as a statistical minority.

62
Q

long lots

A

A long lot’s boundaries ran back from the waterfront as roughly parallel lines, allowing a settler to have a dock on the river, and a narrow strip of farmland that often ended at the edge of a marsh or swamp. It was hard to work on. The heritage law was used.

63
Q

concession system

A

the land was surveyed into blocks, there was great farmland, and roads and railways were used instead of waterways.

64
Q

section system

A

the land was surveyed, alike the concession system but due to poor growing soil the land was surveyed much larger. Due to its size they had to use great machinery. it is isolated from everyone. The heritage law is used.

Semester 2 (9 decks)

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