geo case studies

Question 1

Wetland drought = Pantanal SouthAmerica

Answer 1

Now, a plan to dredge and straighten the Paraguay River that feeds the Pantanal could serve as the death knell for this vast wetland ecosystem.

People flock here from all over the world to see them, pumping nearly[$7 million a year]-into the economy in this remote region. tourism

There have been small-step moves toward “developing” the Pantanal’s lifeblood, the Paraguay River, into an industrial shipping channel for big barges,

jagurar

ranches

Question 2

Forest drought = Amazon

Answer 2

Up to 38% has been damaged by human activity and drought,

hydro electric power
drainage pollute water

provide 40 mil people fresh drinking water

10% World fresh water supply

deforesation ( dry up underground water cos no roots) =drought

Question 3

Drought = Sahel

Answer 3



Nigena mali
chad Sudan
Drought Sanel region
most productive region for Crops 80%. rely.
Red cross provide aid-food and health Cheeks/mainuminion
Affected
over 10 million
(2010)
19 million risks of food
Shortages
Drought resistance Seed
Kenya: Xexpensive

Question 4

snow/ice melt = Himalayas/Iceland

Answer 4

Around 650 hydro projects are planned in high-altitude locations across the region

April hastened melting of the Shisper Glacier, creating a lake that swelled and burst through an ice dam.

wrecking two power plants, and washing away parts of the main highway and a[bridge] Pakistan and China.

shrunk by 40 percent since the[Little Ice Age]

everything caused migration

Question 5

Flood impacts = UK 2012/13

Answer 5

• 8,000 homes and businesses were flooded.
• 199,632 properties were protected by flood defences.

Tewek bury -13 lives lost,

140,000 homes no water

-Recharging of grundwarer

Question 6

Yukon

Answer 6

largest rivr alaska and ukon

sparsly populate

hydrolectric power but aint that developed

The Yukon has become polluted by the three “M’s” of arctic pollution: mining, manufacturing and the military.

over fishing salmon

Question 7

south north water transfer

Answer 7

77 billion us project

4/5 fresh water lies in south

350 thousand people relocated

the region prone to earthquakes which could cause extensive damage to the scheme

Question 8

3 gorges dam

Answer 8

• **o supply water for the largest hydroelectric plant in the world
  and to help control the devastating floods that plague the lowlands downstream from the dam - still flood

3.67 million residents have been displaced

144 billion yuan ($20.5 billion) in economic losses.

To make way for the dam’s massive reservoir, about1.4 million people were uprooted,

• incomes of migrant familiesdrop by 20 percent after relocating, as they were forced to abandon their fertile riverside flatlands to farm on the steep, unsteady slopes

Question 9

Smart irrigation/recycling =Singapore

Answer 9

he 3.7-hectare plant can produce up to 30 million gallons of fresh drinking water per day,

there are 5



Smart irrigation: Singapore 4 sounes of water *Collection from rainwater in 17 reservoirs
* water imported from malaysia.
Recycled water, 2 Separate collection Systems (new water)
*Desalinated water
Cost effective
2 saunahon plants Produces 25%. Singapore water.

Question 10

nepal quake- 2015

Answer 10

killed nearly 9,000 people and triggered an avalanche that killed 19 climbers on Mt. Everest

injured more than 22,000.

The Nepal government estimated reconstruction costs up to $9 billion.

Agriculture and tourism — two of Nepal’s top income generators — were severely set back by the quake.

A magnitude 7.8
The quake was followed by hundreds of aftershocks, and only 17 days later eg (magnitude 7.3 temblor)

Question 11

water table

Answer 11

describes the boundary between water-saturated ground and unsaturated ground

Question 12

Haiti

Answer 12

magnitude of 7.0
More aftershocks occurred in the following days, eg magnitude 5.9

Without adequate reinforcement, the buildings disintegrated under the force of the quake, killing or trapping their occupants

In the aftermath of the quake, efforts by citizens and international aid organizations to provide medical assistance, food, and water to survivors were hampered by the failure of the electric power system (which already was unreliable), loss of communication lines, and roads blocked with debris.

damaged structures, more than 200,000 of which were either marked for demolition or required major repairs

Conditions were further exacerbated by damage to crops and settlements by tropical weather events, notably
cholera

Question 13

Christchurch

Answer 13

6.3 magnitude earthquake
focus was very shallow at 4.99 kilometres deep.

Liquefaction built on — ground so used land use zoining

181 people were killed.
2,000 people injured.

Damaged sewage pipes contaminated water supplies which increased risk of disease.

Responses to reduce the impacts
International aid was provided (around $6 to $7 million).

Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help
Pop-up hospitals were set up which would be a short term but effective response.

Question 14

japan

Answer 14

A magnitude 9.0 earthquake

The tsunami in 2011 claimed the lives of 15,853 people and injured 6023.

The majority of the victims were over the age of 60 (66%).

90% of the deaths was caused by drowning.

The remaining 10% died as the result of being crushed in buildings or being burnt. 3282 people were reported missing, presumed dead.

Many people were displaced as the result of the tsunami. According to Save the Children 100,000 children were separated from their familiesMore than 333000 people had to live in temporary accommodation

. National Police Agency of Japan figures shows almost 300,000 buildings were destroyed and a further one million damaged, either by the quake, tsunami or resulting fires. Almost 4,000 roads, 78 bridges and 29 railways were also affected.

47,700 buildings were destroyed and 143,300 were damaged. 230,000 vehicles were destroyed or damaged. Four ports were destroyed and a further 11 were affected in the northeast of Japan.

Question 15

governance l’aquila and japan

Answer 15

italy- see flash card
6 yrs jail
Prosecutors said the defendants gave a falsely reassuring statement before the quake, while the defence maintained there was no way to predict major quakes.

The 6.3 magnitude quake devastated the city and killed 309 people.
were accused of having provided “inaccurate, incomplete and contradictory” information about the danger of the tremors
cant predict earthquakes tho so may be scared do more resarch fear of getting it wong

japan - see flash card

Question 16

Poor governance China Sichuan(2008)

Answer 16

Sichuan quake: China’s earthquake reconstruction to cost $150bn
magnitude 8 quake, which struck on May 12.

Amid criticism that corruption and lax building standards may have contributed to the 69,225 death toll - particularly in collapsed schools

The commission - which steers China’s economy - said an investment of 1 trillion yuan ($147bn) would be needed to pay for the plan
government will pay 10,000 yuan per person in relief funds, but she says it will not even cover a third of the cost of rebuilding her home.

direct economic loss from the disaster totalled 843bn yuan.

Much of the damage is also impossible to fix with money or mortar.

Question 17

Nepal EQ 2015 (secondary hazards)

Answer 17

a 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal in Asia
8,632 dead and 19,009 injured.
It was the worst earthquake in Nepal in more than 80 years.
Temperatures dip in Nepal at night, and people chose to sleep outside due to aftershocks or the possibility of houses collapsing.
Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened.
1.7 million children had been driven out into the open.
Harvests were reduced or lost that season.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) initially estimated economic losses at nine per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP), with a best guess of 35 per cent.
Short term loss of tourist revenue, a major industry in Nepal.
The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing approximately 20 people. Estimates put the number of trekkers and climbers at Base Camp at the time of the quake at up to 1000.
The steep valleys of the area suffered many landslides, the village of Ghodatabela was covered, killing 250 people.
People are now being educated across Nepal to do earthquake drills.
Responses to tackle the root cause
The Government of Nepal is trying hard to reduce poverty so that people can build homes and structures which could withstand earthquakes.

Question 18

Tsunami = Indian ocean 2004

Answer 18

Indonesia, set off the 2004
The magnitude 9.1 quake
killing more than 100,000 people and pounding the city into rubble
In all, nearly 230,000 people were killed, making it one of the deadliest disasters in modern history.
In Banda Aceh, the landmass closest to the quake’s epicenter, tsunami waves topped 100 feet.
Total material losses from the tsunami were estimated at $10 million.
city of about 300,000 people within 15 or 20 minutes after the earthquake. densely populated

world vision and raised more than $350 million.
We provided training and employment opportunities to 40,000 people, child-rights awareness sessions for more than 27,000 people, educational support for more than 2,000 teachers and 137,000 children, and implemented community-level disaster risk reduction programs.

World Vision built 12,000 homes,

Question 19

Eyjafjallajokulleruption (Icelandvolcano 2010)

Answer 19

look at flash card

Question 20

Multiple hazard zone = Philippines

Answer 20

-Flooding 2nd largest hazard, caused by Monsoon. climate, affect 11.5 mill people, 18,000 displaced
-Drought irregular, caused el mno, 6occerances by 2015 assect 6 mill is total
Landslides caused by
heavy ragall, Occurs most northen mountainous region

-Earthquake often, 1976 (Manita) mag 8, 5000 12,000 assected
death
(tsunami ware 25m high)
-Volcanos, ring of fire
25 active volcanos Mount Pinatubo emption
7000 killed, forcasting save 5000 lines



In 2013, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit Bohol and killed over 200 and injured over 800 people. It caused damaged to tens of thousands of
buildings.



The Taal volcano is one of the most active in the country with over 33 eruptions noted on historical record. All of
these eruptions came from a volcano which sits in the middle of a crater lake. This crater lake formed from an
explosion from prehistoric times which formed the caldera of the Taal. In the historical record, Taal has been responsible for approximately 5,000-6,000 deaths due to the densely populated areas that are close by.
cant get food, to muddy cant clean vehicals

road slushy, very resilience cos diaster frequent

10000 relocated

Question 21

Tsunami = Tohoku Japan 2011

Answer 21

The epicentre was located some 80 miles (130 km) east of the city
which separates the Eurasian Plate from the subducting Pacific Plate


Tsunami Tohoku Japan
2011
- Claimed 15, 853 lives, 6023 injured
1
-333000 live in
temporary accommodations
-300,000 buldings destroy/ I mill damage
-78 bridges / 29 railways affected
<-100,000 chidren seperated fam

It was preceded by several foreshocks, including a magnitude-7.2

Coastal cities and towns as well as vast areas of farmland in the tsunami’s path were inundated

nuclear

Question 22

Turkey

Answer 22

On February 6, 2023, at 4:17 a.m. local time, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake rocked southeast Turkey near the Syrian border.
After the first quake, aftershocks numbering in the thousands rumbled across the region, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
In Syria, 3.7 million children face a deepening crisis, with the earthquake exacerbating the effects of the ongoing war.
In Turkey, 2.5 million children — many of them Syrian refugees — are at increased risk of poverty, child labor, or child marriage in the aftermath of the disaster.
Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world, some 3.6 million Syrians, according to the U.N. Refugee Agency.
According to Turkey’s Ministry of Interior, 2.6 million people are living in tent cities, while 1.6 million are living in informal sites or alongside their damaged homes — the majority of them in unsafe and unsanitary conditions.
Catastrophic damage to agricultural infrastructure in 11 provinces in Turkey is disrupting basic food production and livelihoods for rural people
after shock 7.5

Question 23

Tongo

Answer 23

Damage to the international and domestic undersea telecommunications meant little information was available from Tonga following the eruption
damage to houses, roads, water tanks and other infrastructure on the west coast
Prime Minister of Tonga declared a state of emergency
Only three direct and one indirect fatality have been officially attributed to the volcano and tsunami. Early government estimates were that 84,176 people affected
Around 3,000 people were displaced

Question 24

Russia

Answer 24

shooting a vast cloud of ash far into the sky that smothered villages in drifts of grey volcanic dust and triggered an aviation warning.

The Shiveluch volcano erupted
spewing out an ash cloud over an area of 108,000 square kilometres
Lava flows tumbled from the volcano, melting snow and prompting a warning of mud flows along a nearby highway
Pictures showed the cloud billowing over the forests and rivers of the far east and of villages covered in ash.
Around 24 hours after the volcano began erupting, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Kamchatka
) issued a red notice for aviation, saying “ongoing activity could affect international and low-flying aircraft

Question 25

Basin management = Nile VSColorado river

Answer 25

The fate of the Colorado now depends on the states’ ability — and willingness — to agree on a plan to slash water consumption and equitably distribute what’s left
Colorado River Compact. The agreement split the region into the Upper Basin, comprising Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, and the Lower Basin, which includes Arizona, California and Nevada.The agreement assumed that an average of 16.4 million acre-feet flowed from the Colorado River downstream each year.
The average flow, though, is significantly less,
Native American tribes still denied water rights
nile electricity 65 million people Ethiopia
Egypt security endangered
ethopia love the power
dam resivour fills they beome more toxic

Question 26

Water wars = India VS Bangladesh

Answer 26

PM Modi and Bangladeshi counterpart Sheikh Hasina also signed the Kushiyara river water pact, with the next step to resolve the Teesta water dispute.Further, a treaty was signed between Indian Prime Minister HD Deve Gowda and Bangladesh counterpart Sheikh Hasina in 1996 to establish a water sharing agreement for the next 30 years, which is set to expire soon.

Meanwhile, no treaty has been signed yet to resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute
share 54 rivers
talk crops
floods
rice plants

Question 27

Water and power = Israel VSPalestine

Answer 27

As Palestinians suffer through severe water shortages in the searing summer, illegal Israeli settlers nearby enjoy unlimited quantities not only for drinking but to fill swimming pools, irrigate crops, and wash their vehicles.The Israeli authorities refuse to grant the necessary licenses to the Palestinian water
Israel directly controls 85 percent of water resources
“The problem is not a shortage of water but the occupation’s control of our water,” said Yassin.

Israel 4 desalination plants

Question 28

Norway’senergy mix

Answer 28

As an energy-rich country
an abundance of affordable hydropower has enabled the development of energy-intensive industries and a high level of electrification of homes and businesses with limited GHG emissions.
a major oil and gas producer and exporter
87% of its energy production was exported.
In June 2017, the Norwegian parliament adopted the Climate Change Act, which establishes by law Norway’s NDC target as well as the target of becoming a low emissions society by 2050. The target is equivalent to reducing emissions by around 90-95% from 1990 levels

As in all countries, energy efficiency has an important role to play in Norway. In the past decade, economic growth has been decoupled from energy consumption

Question 29

UK energy mix

Answer 29

Gas: 38.5%
Wind: 26.8%
Nuclear: 15.5%
Biomass: 5.2%
Coal: 1.5%
Solar: 4.4%
Imports (mixed source): 5.5%
Hydro: 1.8%
Energy storage: 0.9%
The UK’s over-reliance on gas has been blamed for pushing up bills as it emerged that the energy crisis stemming from the war

This article is more than 2 months old
Energy crisis stemming from Ukraine war ‘cost £1k for every UK adult’
This article is more than 2 months old
Conflict came on top of our over-reliance on gas, says Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit

Alex Lawson Energy correspondent
Tue 21 Feb 2023 00.01 GMT
The UK’s over-reliance on gas has been blamed for pushing up bills as it emerged that the energy crisis stemming from the war in Ukraine had cost the equivalent of £1,000 for every adult.

A study by the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) estimated that high wholesale gas prices since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine nearly a year ago had cost UK energy suppliers an additional £50bn to 60bn, on top of the £10bn to £20bn spent in a normal year.

The invasion spurred wholesale gas prices, which were already above historical averages, to record highs.

Prepayment meter
One in four vouchers for prepayment meters unredeemed in Britain
Read more
Household energy costs are far higher than the £1,000 extra highlighted by ECIU – which does not account for normal wholesale costs, suppliers’ margins and other charges wrapped into bills.

The International Monetary Fund said last year that British households have been the worst hit in western Europe because of the high dependence on gas. The UK uses gas for generating about 40% of its electricity and for heating 85% of its homes, which are also among the least energy-efficient in Europe.

The study estimated that, had the UK made better progress towards net zero by improving housing efficiency, producing more wind power and deploying heat pump technology a typical household could have saved up to £1,750 in 2022.

Dr Simon Cran-McGreehin, the head of analysis at ECIU, said: “As the IMF has pointed out, the energy crisis hit UK households harder than those in other western European countries because, as a nation, we’re incredibly dependent on gas. The price of gas is largely set by international markets, so the only way to protect yourself is to use less.

“The onshore wind ban has been one of the barriers to this. We’re also running behind places like Sweden, Poland and Estonia on installing electric heat pumps.”

The study estimated that, if a similar crisis happened in 2030 when the UK has more cheap renewables, the annual savings could be about £34bn.

Last week research estimated that rising energy prices triggered by the Russia-Ukraine conflict could push up to 141 million more people around the globe into extreme poverty.
The study estimated that, had the UK made better progress towards net zero by improving housing efficiency,

Question 30

Energy Players Gazprom

Answer 30

In 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the gas sector in Russia was transferred to new energy suppliers, including Gazprom, Ukrgazprom and Turkmengazprom. Gazprom was able to keep assets on Russian territory, monopolising the gas sector in the country. Oil and other supplies were divided between numerous companies.

3 years later, Gazprom became privatised and held their first general shareholder’s meeting in 1995. This led to the creation of their new headquarters, based in Moscow on Nametkina Street.

The next few years for Gazprom involved other countries with their latest projects, including the Yamal – Europe gas pipeline in Belarus and an agreement for gas supplies to Turkey. This started the Blue Stream project, becoming the first offshore pipeline exporting gas from Russia.

Question 31

BP

Answer 31

BP is one of the world’s leading international oil and gas companiesa. We operate or market our products in more than 80 countries, providing our customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemicals products for everyday items.

BP’s worst environmental catastrophe was the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, which leaked about 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3) of oil, causing severe environmental, human health, and economic consequences and serious legal

Question 32

OPEC

Answer 32

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC has 14 member countries*, which between them own about two-thirds of the world’s oil reserves. Because of this, it is in a position to control the amount of oil and gas entering the global market, as well as the prices of both commodities. OPEC has been accused of holding back production in order to drive up oil and gas prices.
syria

Question 33

Solar Power – Andasol, Spain

Answer 33

The project achieved a new milestone in September 2010 when the installation of the 50MW units and 85t generator was completed after facing logistical barriers. Turbines had to be transported from Denmark, England, Germany and Italy via ships and heavy-goodsvehicles. The generator had to be shipped from England.

Question 34

Wind Power – London Array Project

Answer 34

175 wind turbines
power 500000 british homes
reduce c02

Question 35

japan nuclear

Answer 35

Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on 11 March 2011. All three cores largely melted in the first three days.
The accident was rated level 7 on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6, eventually a total of some 940 PBq (I-131 eq).

Question 36

Biofuels in Brazil

Answer 36

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/geography/global-resource-management/brazil-biofuel-case-study/

Question 37

GreatBarrier Reef

Answer 37

When corals suffer heat stress, they expel the microscopic algae that live inside their tissues, revealing their white skeletons. Bleached corals are not dead, but are more at risk of starvation and disease.

Already marine heatwaves have triggered four mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef in just seven years, reducing shallow water coral reefs by as much as 50%. Coral reefs can recover from bleaching over time, but only if temperatures drop and conditions return to normal.

The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, making it more acidic. This process is known as ocean acidification. Since the late 18th century, the ocean has absorbed about 30% of the carbon humans have generated, decreasing its pH level.

A more acidic ocean means corals are less able to build skeletons and form coral reefs, which help protect coastlines from storms and provide habitats for thousands of species of marine life.

As water temperatures rise, many marine species are being forced to move south to cooler habitats. This shift creates increased competition for food and shelter in cooler waters, threatening the entire ecosystem.

For Reef communities, the loss of marine life can have a devastating impact on local ecosystems, food sources and other industries such as tourism.

Question 38

Germany’sEnergiewende

Answer 38

is the country’s planned transition to a low-carbon, nuclear-free economy. But there is much more to it than phasing out nuclear power and expanding renewable energies in the power sector.

https://www.cleanenergywire.org/easyguide

Question 39

Paris Agreement 2005

Answer 39

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016.

Its overarching goal is to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.”

However, in recent years, world leaders have stressed the need to limit global warming to 1.5°C by the end of this century.

That’s because the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates that crossing the 1.5°C threshold risks unleashing far more severe climate change impacts, including more frequent and severe droughts, heatwaves and rainfall.

To limit global warming to 1.5°C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030.

Question 40

Kyoto Agreement

Answer 40

In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to report periodically.

The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows its annex-based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities”, because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.

In its Annex B, the Kyoto Protocol sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries

Question 41

Green Wall

Answer 41

The Great Green Wall is a massive initiative to combat desertification and land degradation in the Sahel region of Africa, stretching over 8,000 km from Senegal in the west to Djibouti in the east. The project aims to restore degraded land, promote sustainable land management practices, and create jobs and economic opportunities for communities in the region.

One successful case study within the Great Green Wall initiative is the community-led reforestation project in the village of Yacine Boubou in Senegal. With support from the Great Green Wall agency and local NGOs, the community has planted over 50,000 trees and established sustainable land management practices to restore degraded land and improve soil quality.

The reforestation efforts have had numerous benefits for the community, including improved food security, increased biodiversity, and the creation of new economic opportunities through sustainable forestry practices and ecotourism.

The project has also had a positive impact on the environment, as the restored land has helped to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Overall, the Yacine Boubou reforestation project serves as a successful example of how community-led efforts can contribute to the larger goal of the Great Green Wall initiative to combat desertification and improve the livelihoods of communities in the Sahel regionofAfrica.

Question 42

Longshore drift = The wash, EastAnglia(North Norfolk coastline)

Answer 42

The last ice age, coastal erosion, longshore drift and the activities of man have all had a huge impact on Norfolk’s changing seashore.

• Low lying stretch of coast line with a variety of
  habitats including:
• Sandy beaches
• Salt marshes
• Sand dunes
• Cliffed coastline

Longshore drift (LSD) predominately operates from east to west along this stretch of coastline
- Although opposing currents transport sediment southwards along the east coast, around the wash.

https://quizlet.com/gb/469686223/geography-north-norfolk-coast-case-study-flash-cards/

Question 43

Mass movement + mudflow =Holderness

Answer 43

The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe’s fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year

Underlying the Holderness Coast is bedrock made up of Cretaceous Chalk. However, in most places, this is covered by glacial till deposited over 18,000 years ago. It is this soft boulder clay that is being rapidly eroded

The first is the result of the strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift that moves material south along the coastline. The second is that the cliffs are made of soft boulder clay which erodes rapidly when saturated.

The exposed chalk of Flamborough provides examples of erosion, features such as caves, arches and stacks

Coastal management at Hornsea and Withernsea are examples of hard engineering solutions to coastal erosion.

Hornsea’s local economy is dependent on tourism and recreation, as well as incorporating a small fishing industry.
The groynes on Hornsea beach ensure wide and relatively steep beaches.

Its high population density, with a population of 8,327
hold the line

Erosion at Skipsea illustrates the human impact of erosion in areas where coastlines are not being defended. Mappleton is an excellent case study of an attempt at coastal management which has a negative impact further along the coast.

Spurn Point provides evidence of longshore drift on the Holderness Coast. It is an excellent example of a spit

https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-holderness-coast-case-study/

Question 44

Rotational landslide = Holbeck

Answer 44

The Holbeck Hall landslide, south of Scarborough in North Yorkshire, attracted considerable interest when it destroyed the four-star Holbeck Hall Hotel between 3 and 5 June 1993. A rotational landslide involving about 1 million tonnes of glacial till cut back the 60 m-high cliff by 70 m

The cliff consists of glacial till (sandy, silty clay)

when cracks developed in the tarmac surface of footpaths running across the cliffs. These were filled to stop ingress of water to the cliff, but when the cracks reopened shortly before the main failure, the council closed the cliff paths below the hotel.

The likely cause of the landslide was a combination of:

rainfall of 140 mm in the two months before the slide took place
issues related to the drainage of the slope
pore water pressure build up in the slope
geology

Question 45

Haloseresuccession = GowerPeninsula, South Wales

Answer 45

https://www.coolgeography.co.uk/gcsen/PL_SAND_DUNES.php

https://www.google.com/search?q=salt+marsh+succession&rlz=1C1JZAP_enGB935GB935&sxsrf=APwXEdd724jmB0P29KCqsu4cuZH1IYnFtw:1684132421355&source=lnms&tbm=vid&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiz9emV2vb-AhXWglwKHSz1BvEQ_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&biw=1707&bih=759&dpr=1.13#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:560d4792,vid:Uhln9dYWL5w

Question 46

Emergent coastlines = Scotland

Answer 46

few examples of soft-rock cliffs.
Spits are some of our most dynamic coastal landforms, formed by longshore drift that carries sediment along the beach. Culbin’s sand bar is extending west at a rate of 15m per year, while the spit at Whiteness Head extends 30m per year.

Scotland has a wealth of beaches and our sand dunes represent 71% of Great Britain’s coastal sand resource

Saltmarsh may be found in upper intertidal areas of our enclosed shores. Scottish saltmarshes make up 15% of the total British resource.

Scotland has some impressive gravel beaches

Question 47

Submergent coastlines (haff)

Answer 47

England, Croatia

Question 48

Threats to people at the coast = Kiribati

Answer 48

The Republic of Kiribati is a low-lying Pacific Island nation situated just west of the International Date Line
they are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges
With most of its land only a few feet above sea level, Kiribati has already seen growing damage from storms and flooding.
Most of Kiribati’s 112,000 people live on the atoll of Tarawa
Rising sea surface temperatures pose an additional danger to Kiribati.10 Coral reefs—which are critical to sustaining atolls and their islands—are very sensitive even to small increases in ocean temperature, which can cause coral bleaching.

Question 49

Increasing coastal flooding = Bangladesh VS2013 UK storm surge

Answer 49

bangladesh- The death toll is hard to estimate in this rural region, with estimates ranging from 300,000 to 1 million people lost in this one storm alone
Most perished from flooding associated with the storm surge that covered most of the low-lying deltaic islands on the Ganges River.
140,000 people and another half-million farm animals
Still, it is estimated that 5,000-10,000 people perished during Typhoon Sidr
500,000 human deaths

Question 50

Impacts of human activity = Nile Delta

Answer 50

The Nile Delta is the opening of the Nile, the longest river in the world, as it reaches the Mediterranean Sea. Since the Nile brings both water and rich sediment, the Delta has been a perfect area to grow food for thousands and thousands of years

look at flash card

Question 51

Portland Bill to Selsey Bill

Answer 51

Sediment cells are areas along the coastline and in the nearshore area where the movement of material is largely self-contained. They can be considered as a closed coastal sub-system as far as sediment is concerned.

note maldivies — Rising temperatures lead to increased melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, which lead to rising ocean levels.
- made up of over 1,000 low-lying islands, and land below sea level totals 80%
Problems caused by coastal flooding in the Maldives:
- houses destroyed
- land lost
- fishing industry affected
- tourism affected
- fresh water supplies polluted

Question 52

Mangroves = Bangladesh

Answer 52

The Sundarbans are the world’s largest mangrove forest covering about 10,000 square kilometers, of which roughly two-thirds lie within Bangladesh.

biodiversity such as vital populations of Asia’s last two remaining freshwater dolphin species, both of which are considered endangered, and the only population of tigers living completely in mangroves.

In addition to supporting a rich assemblage of globally threatened wildlife, the Sundarbans provides essential natural resources, including fish, crustaceans, firewood, nipa palm and honey, for a large and growing human population living along the fringes of the mangrove forest. The forest also provides essential ecosystem services including protection against natural disasters and rising sea levels. It also filters and assimilates pollutants from upstream run-off.

Question 53

Hard engineering =Deltawerken

Answer 53

https://quizlet.com/gb/604202472/deltawerken-case-study-flash-cards/

Question 54

Naturaldefence= Tuvalu Islands

Answer 54

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4laF_zBtur8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXF8A8oYnJo

Question 55

Conflicts = Maldives

Answer 55

The impact of Russia’s war on Ukraine is being felt acutely across several countries, particularly in the Maldives because of its strong economic ties with Russia and Ukraine, the conflict having reduced the inflow of tourists from these two nations. Beginning on 24 February 2022, the conflict created more challenges for a global economy already struggling to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, the war-induced economic disruption occurring for two reasons.

Tourism is the main industry of the Maldives, contributing 76% of the country’s GDP. Before the war began, Russia was the top origin of tourists to the Maldives with 16.8% of total arrivals to the country,

Russia’s aggressive war on Ukraine has triggered the biggest energy price shock since the 1970s, with market analysts predicting prices will remain high over the course of the next few years.