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GENUS TRYPANOSOMA Flashcards

1
Q

Trypanosoma

A

✓ Flagellate protozoan parasites that live in the blood, lymph and various tissues of their vertebrate hosts

✓ parasites of all vertebrate classes

✓ majority are transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates, although other transmission mechanisms exist

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2
Q

Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus NANNOMONAS

A

T. congolense and T. simiae

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3
Q

Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus DUTTONELA

A

T. vivax

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4
Q

Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus MEGATRYPANUM

A

T. theileri and T. melophagium

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5
Q

Genus Trypanosoma under Subgenus TRYPANOZOON

A

T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense, T. equinum, T. evansi and T. equiperdum

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6
Q

2-3um Leishmania amastigote maybe the smallest eukaryotic cells

A

Amastigote

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7
Q

flagellum is very short, projecting only slightly beyond the flagellar pocket

A

Amastigote

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8
Q

elongated body with flagellum extending forward as a functional organelle

A

Promastigote

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9
Q

kinetosome and kinetoplast are located in front of the mucleus, near the anterior end of the body

A

Promastigote

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10
Q

Kinetoplast and kinetosome are still located between the nucleus and the anterior end, but a short undulating membrane lies along the proximal part of the flagellum

A

Epimastigote (Crithidial)

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11
Q

Kinetoplast and kinetosome are near to the posterior end of the body

A

Trypomastigote (trypanosome)

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12
Q

flagellum runs along the surface, usually continuing as a free whip anterior to the body

A

Trypomastigote (trypanosome)

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13
Q

Two broad groups of Trypanosomes

A

✓ Hemoflagellates
✓ Mucoflagellates

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14
Q

blood and tissue parasites

A

Hemoflagellates

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15
Q

live in the mouth and the cecum/colon

A

Mucoflagellates

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16
Q

Two broad groups of Trypanosomes

A

✓ Salivaria
✓ Stercoraria

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17
Q

develops at the anterior portions of the digestive tract (anterior station)

A

Salivaria

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18
Q

Example of Salivaria

A

T. brucei ssp., T. evansi, T. congolense, T. vivax

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19
Q

develop at the vectors hindgut (posterior station)

A

Stercoraria

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20
Q

Example of Stercoraria

A

T. cruzi, T. lewisi, T. theileri, T. melophagium, T. canorini

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21
Q

do not require development in an intermediate host

A

Trypanosoma equiperdum and T. equinum

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22
Q

Salivarian Trypanosome

A

Fly takes in the trypanosome by feeding- Develops into infective form in the salivary glands- Infective form transferred to animal by feeding

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23
Q

Stercorarian Trypanosome

A

Fly takes in the trypanosome by feeding- Trypanosome develops into infective form in the rectum- Infective form transferred to another animal through feces

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24
Q

Modes of Transmission of Trypanosomes

A

• Cyclical
• Non-cyclical
• Coitus
• Transplacental
• Ingestion of fresg carcasses or organs of animals which died of the infection intrauterine

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25
Q

anterior station development; multiplication and transformation in the gut and proboscis; transmission is by feeding

A

Salivaria

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26
Q

posterior station development; multiplication in the gut; infective forms migrate to the rectum and passed out in the feces

A

Stercoraria

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27
Q

mechanical transmission by TABANIDS and STOMOXYS; no cross transmission because trypanosomes die quickly

A

Noncyclical

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28
Q

arthropod intermediate host (biological)

A

Cyclical

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29
Q

Pathogenesis of Trypanosomes

A

✓ Lymphoid enlargement
✓ Hemolysis
✓ Cell degeneration and inflammatory infiltrate

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30
Q

exhaustion of cellular elements

A

lymphoid enlargement

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31
Q

failure of phagocytic system

A

Hemolysis

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32
Q

tissue degeneratiom particularly the CNS and the heart muscles

A

Cell degeneration and inflammatory infiltrate

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33
Q

Determines the spread of Trypanosomiasis

A

• Distribution of vectors
• Virulence
• Host preference

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34
Q

Trypanosoma brucei consists of 3 subspecies;

A

✓ Trypanosoma brucei brucei
✓ Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
✓ Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

35
Q

pleomorphic, showing long slender, short stumpy and intermediate forms

A

Trypanosoma brucei

36
Q

represents the ancestral form

A

Trypanosoma brucei

37
Q

T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense have evolved from it

38
Q

All utilize the GLOSSINA FLIES (TSETSE FLIES) as the vector. ID by wing veination “Hatchet cells”

A

Trypanosoma brucei

39
Q

Trypanosoma brucei life cycle

A

° only 2 stages in life cycle
° Epimastigote and the trypomastigote stages

40
Q

Trypanosoma brucei brucei transmit;

A
  • African Animal Trypanosomiasis
    (AAT: tsetse disease, tsetse fly disease, AFRICAN ANIMAL NAGANA)
41
Q

Trypanosoma brucei brucei affects livestock animals like?

A

Sheep, goats, oxen, horses, camels, pigs, dogs, donkeys, and mules; non-pathogenic to humans

42
Q

Lives in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen and CSF

A

Nagana (Trypanosoma brucei brucei)

43
Q

Pathogenesis of Nagana (T. b. brucei)

A

✓ Horse, mules and donkey, dogs- suffer acutely and may die in 15 days

44
Q

Symptoms of Nagana (T. b. brucei)

A

Anemia, edema, watery eyes and nose and fever; blindness is common in dogs

45
Q

are parasitic in the bloodstream of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs and dogs may also be infected but cattle most important

A

Trypomastigotes

46
Q

Trypomastigotes

A
  • Cattle become emaciated and uncoordinated
  • Cattle die in a few weeks to months
47
Q

common drug treatment of trypomastigotes

48
Q

Infects humans only causing SLEEPING SICKNESS

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

49
Q

called as sleeping sickness

A

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)

50
Q

Vector of T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense (Sleeping sickness)

A

Glossina palpalis and G. morsitans

51
Q

less plentiful. cannot live in lab animals

A

T. brucei gambiense

52
Q

Reservoir host of T. b. gambiense

A

goats, cattle & pigs

53
Q

T. brucei gambiense transmitted by?

A

G. palpalis

54
Q

More plentiful. Can live in lab animals. Nucleus is shifted posteriorly

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

55
Q

Reservoir host of T. brucei rhodesiense

A

wild game animals

56
Q

T. brucei rhodesiense transmitted by?

A

G. morsitans

57
Q

Pathogenesis of HAT

A
  • Chancre
  • Swollen and congested lymph nodes at neck, groin and legs
58
Q

develops where metacyclic trypanosomes are inoculated

59
Q

Swollen and congested lymph nodes at neck, groin and legs

A

Winterbottom’s sign

60
Q

rapid weight loss and heart involvement; no somnambulism or other protracted nervous disorders

A

T. b. rhodesiense

61
Q

invade the central nervous system, they initiate the chronic, sleeping-sickness stage of infection

A

T. b. gambiense

62
Q

Pathogenesis of Sleeping sickness

A

Chancre- blood- lymphatics- CNS- Death

63
Q

increase apathy, disinclination to work, mental dullness; tremor of the tongue, hands, paralysis or convulsions usually follow

A

Sleeping Sickness

64
Q

Sleeping sickness

A
  • sleeping increases with patient falling asleep even while eating or standing
  • finally coma and death ensue (malnutrition, pneumonia, heart failure, severe fall)
65
Q

Treatment for Sleeping sickness most common used, useful but they have severe side effects

A

Melarsoprol or Suramin

66
Q

Trypanosoma congolense

A
  • Causes “Nagana disease”
  • fatal in cattle and other domestic animals; wild ruminants
  • Africa
  • Transmitted by Glossina and biting flies
  • Severe anemia with no immature RBC
67
Q

Trypanosoma vivax

A
  • Causes “Souma”
  • Affects the blood of ruminants and other animals; wild game animals are reservoir
  • Africa, South and Central America
  • Mucosal and serosal hemorrhages in the body, anemia
68
Q

causes Nagana disease

A

Trypanosoma congolense

69
Q

fatal in cattle and other domestic animals; wild ruminants

A

Trypanosoma congolense

70
Q

Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by?

A

Glossina and biting flies

71
Q

can cause sever anemia with no immature RBC

A

Trypanosoma congolense

72
Q

causes Souma

A

Trypanosoma vivax

73
Q

Affects the blood of ruminants and other animals; wild game animals are reservoirs

A

Trypanosoma vivax

74
Q

can cause mucosal and serosal hemorrhages in the body, anemia

A

Trypanosoma vivax

75
Q

Affects blood of large ruminants

A

Trypanosoma theileri

76
Q

present in the Philippines (65% prevalence in cattle and carabaos on culture but responds negative to mouse test)

A

Trypanosoma theileri

77
Q

Trypanosoma theileri transmitted by?

A

Biting flies; TABANUS and HAEMATOPOTA

78
Q

Transmitted by biting flies; Tabanus and Haematopota

A

Trypanosoma theileri

79
Q

has been associated with “Turning sickness” in Uganda, abortion and decreased milk yield

A

Trypanosoma theileri

80
Q

may interfere with the diagnosis of Surra (larger than T. evansi)

A

Trypanosoma theileri

81
Q

Treatment for Trypanosoma Theileri

A

° Diminazene aceturate (DA)
° Isometamidium chloride (IMC)
° Suramin
° Quinapyramine

82
Q

most widely used. binding to kinetoplast DNA thereby inducing complete and irreversible loss of kDNA in certain strains of trypanosomes

A

Diminazene aceturate (DA)

83
Q

highly toxic because they are DNA intercalating agents. Use in field is not recommended

A

Isometamidium chloride (IMC)

84
Q

ureic component, no longer used. Inhibition of enzymes involved with the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

Veterinary Protozoology (3 decks)

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