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Wildlife Diseases > Genus and Species Names Exam 2 > Flashcards

Genus and Species Names Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis is Caused by

A

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

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2
Q

Lungworm pneumonia is Caused by

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

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3
Q

Winter ticks

A

Dermacentor albipictus

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4
Q

Feral Swine Ascaris is Caused by

A

Ascaris suum

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5
Q

Feral swine lice is Caused by

A

Haematopinus suis

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6
Q

High Profile Elk Diseases

A

Chronic Wasting Disease, Bovie Brucellosis, Bovine Tuberculosis

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7
Q

Elk Diseases: Exposure but not Exactly Illness

A

EHD, Bluetongue, Bovine Virus Diarrhea, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

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8
Q

Parasitic Elk Diseases

A

Cerebrospinal Parelaphostrongylosis, Lungworm Pneumonia, Tiny Tapeworm, Winter Ticks

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal Parelaphostrongylosis is Caused by

A

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

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10
Q

Lungworm Pneumonia is Caused by

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

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11
Q

Tiny Tapeworm

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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12
Q

Winter Ticks

A

Dermacentor albipictus

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13
Q

What is “Ascaris suum”?

A

A Nematode

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14
Q

What does Feral Swine Ascaris cause?

A

Fever, Cough, Thriftiness

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15
Q

The Nematode larvae for “Ascaris suum” cause

A

“Milk Spots” on the Liver

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16
Q

Feral Swine Lice Name

A

Haematopinuis suis

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17
Q

Signs of Feral Swine Lice on Wild Swine

A

None

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18
Q

Signs of Feral Swine Lice on Domestic Swine

A

Intense Itching

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19
Q

How many times do “Haematopinuis suis” molt to become adults?

A

Three Times

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20
Q

Feral Swine Liver Flukes Names

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciolodies magna

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21
Q

How often do Feral Swine Liver Fluke appear in Wild Swine?

A

Rarely

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22
Q

How are Feral Swine Liver Flukes transmitted?

A

Watercress

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23
Q

What is an example of Reservoir Hosts for Feral Swine Liver Flukes?

A

Rabbits

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24
Q

What are Effective Treatments against Feral Swine Liver Flukes?

A

Rafoxanide (Humans and Domestic Animals), Drugs: Clorsulon and Albendazole

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25
Q

Feral Swine Macracanthorhynchus is Caused by

A

Macracanthorhynchus ingens

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26
Q

What are “Macracanthorhynchus ingens”?

A

Parasites (Spiny Head Worms)

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27
Q

Feral Swine Macracanthorhynchus Names

A

Macracanthorhynchus ingens (Raccoons)
M. hirudinaceous (Pigs and People)

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28
Q

What are Intermediate Hosts of “Macracanthorhynchus ingens”?

A

Dung Beetles

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29
Q

Trichinosis is Caused by

A

Trichinella spiralis

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30
Q

What is “Trichnella spiralis”?

A

A Nematode

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31
Q

Hosts of Trichinella spiralis

A

Wild Swine, Bears, Coyotes, Wolves, Wolverines, Raccoons, Foxes, Bats, Birds

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32
Q

Clinical Signs of Trichinosis

A

Almost No Clinical Signs, No Gross Lesions

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33
Q

How many times does Trichinella spiralis Molt until Adulthood?

A

Four Times

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34
Q

Encysted Larvae of Trichinella spiralis are Found in

A

Striated Muscle

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35
Q

Sylvatic Transmission Cycle of Trichinosis

A

Brown Bear, Pig, Human

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36
Q

Arctic Transmission Cycle of Trichinosis

A

Polar Bear, Seal, Human

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37
Q

Urban Transmission Cycle of Trichinosis

A

Rat, Pig-Pig, Human

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38
Q

Trichinosis is Best Described as a

A

Zoonotic Disease

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39
Q

Does Trichinosis Affect Wildlife with Illness?

A

No, there is no illness in the wild but it is an important disease to humans.

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40
Q

Most Widely Distributed Disease from Animals to Humans (From Undercooked Meat)

A

Trichinosis

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41
Q

Symptoms of Trichinosis in Humans

A

Flu-like Symptoms, Inflammation of Mucosa

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42
Q

How many Larvae does it take for a 150lb Human to be Completely Infected and Most Likely die from Trichinosis?

A

5 Larvae/Gram of Body Weight, 45g/lb
150lbs x (45g/lb) x 5 Larvae =
340,500 Larvae

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43
Q

How many Trichinosis Larvae can Pigs hold?

A

10 Larvae/Gram of Body Weight

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44
Q

How many Trichinosis Larvae can Rats hold?

A

30 Larvae/Gram of Body Weight

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45
Q

Migration of “Trichinella spiralis” Larvae in Humans Leads to

A

Damage of Blood Vessels (Swelling), Damage to Heart by Wandering Larvae (Abnormal EKG’s), Hypereosinophilia, Difficulty Breathing and Swallowing

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46
Q

How to Avoid the Spread of Trichinosis in Humans

A

Cook Meat Thoroughly
Smoking, Salting, and Drying Does NOT Work

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47
Q

Swine Brucellosis is Caused by

A

Brucella suis

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48
Q

Brucella suis is a

A

Bacterium

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49
Q

Hosts for Brucellosis

A

Swine, Occasionally Domestic Animals

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50
Q

How is Brucellosis Described?

A

A Repro Tract Disease

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51
Q

Brucellosis Causes

A

Abortion, Stillborn or Weak Pigs, Infertility, Testicular Inflammation, Lameness, Shrunken Testicles, Abscesses in Uterine Lining

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52
Q

How to Diagnose Swine Brucellosis

A

Culture (Lymph Nodes, Repro Organs)
Demonstration of Antibodies (Blood Serum Tests)

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53
Q

How is “Brucella suis” Transmitted?

A

Shed in Vaginal Discharges, Urine, Semen, Aborted Fetuses and Placenta, and Sexual Contact

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54
Q

Can Humans get Brucellosis?

A

Yes, Through Handling/Dressing Swine, Unpasteurized Milk/Cheese (Farmer, Vets)

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55
Q

What are signs of Infection of “Brucella suis” in Humans?

A

Flu-like Symptoms, Fever, Soreness

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56
Q

What is the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of Animals Infected with Brucellosis?

A

Very Low

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57
Q

Pseudorabies is Also Called

A

“Mad Itch” and “Aujesky’s Disease”

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58
Q

What is Pseudorabies Caused by?

A

A Virus Called “Suid Herpesvirus 1”

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59
Q

How is Pseudorabies Transmitted?

A

Nasal and Oral Secretions (Contact)

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60
Q

How is Pseudorabies Picked Up?

A

It is Persistent in the Environment and Can be Spread via Aerosol (Favorable Conditions)

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61
Q

Species Affected by Pseudorabies (Can Get the Virus)

A

Domestic and Wild Swine

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62
Q

Dead End Hosts for Pseudorabies

A

Cattle, Sheep, Dogs, Cats, Raccoons, Rats, Birds (Experimentally)

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63
Q

What Age of Swine is Most Impacted by Pseudorabies?

A

Young Pigs

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64
Q

Morality of Non-Swine Host for Pseudorabies is

A

Roughly 100%

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65
Q

Can Humans Get Pseudorabies?

A

No, Humans are Refectory Hosts

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66
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Pseudorabies

A

High Fever, Vomiting, tremors, Incoordination, Convulsions, Inflammation of Meninges

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67
Q

Diagnosis of Pseudorabies

A

FA Test, IHC, PCR, Necropsy

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68
Q

What is Mink Dioctophymosis Caused by?

A

“Dictophyma renale”

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69
Q

“Dictophyma renale” is a:

A

Nematode (Giant Kidney Worm)

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70
Q

Hosts of Dioctophymosis

A

Wild and Domestic Carnivores (Mink, Weasels, Wolves, Foxes, etc.)

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71
Q

Life Cycle of “Dictophyma renale”

A

Egg (Urine) -> Egg (Ingested by Fish) -> Larvae in Fish [L3] -> [L3] Travels Through Stomach and Liver to Kidney -> Adults (live and Mate In Kidney (Eat It))

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72
Q

90% of the Time, “Dictophyma renale” is Found in the

A

Right Kidney (From the Duodenum)
- Occasionally in the Abdominal Cavity (Peritonitis)

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73
Q

Infected with Dioctophymosis Leads to

A

Non-functional Fibrous Capsules as Kidneys (Calcification), Compensatory Enlargement (x1.5) of the Left Kidney

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74
Q

Clinical Signs of Dioctophymosis

A

Wildlife: None
Domestic Dogs: Anorexia, Irritability, Convulsions

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75
Q

Diagnosis of Dioctophymosis

A

Presumptive, Necropsy, Urinalysis

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76
Q

Public Health Concern of Dioctophymosis for Humans

A

Adults: None
Larvae: Can Transmit from Raw or Undercooked Fish (Rare)

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77
Q

Humans can get which Larval Stage of Dioctophymosis?

A

[L3] Stage from Fish

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78
Q

Winter Tick in Moose is Caused by

A

Dermacentor albipictus

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79
Q

Dermacentor albipictus Can be Described as a

A

One Host Tick

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80
Q

Another Name for the Condition “Winter Tick” is

A

Ghost Moose

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81
Q

Dermacentor albipictus is Found on

A

Moose, Elk, Bighorn Sheep, Livestock

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82
Q

Dermacentor nigrolineatus is Found on

A

White-tailed Deer, Livestock

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83
Q

Life Cycle of D. albipictus

A

Egg -> Larvae -> Nymph -> Adult
- Male Dies, Female Becomes “Egg Cubes”

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84
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Winter Tick

A

Hairloss, Skin Inflammation (Little with Larvae or Nymph), Weakness

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85
Q

Wildlife Significance of Winter Tick

A

Ghost Moose, Indirect Mortality (30% Hairloss Doubles Daily Energy Requirements at 20°C

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86
Q

Public Health Considerations for Winter Tick

A

None

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87
Q

Diagnosis of Winter Tick

A

Based on Hairloss and Confirmation of Tick Species

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88
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis is caused by

A

RNA Vesiculovirus

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89
Q

Two types of Rhabdoviridae (RNA Vesiculovius Family)

A

VSV-NJ and VSV-I

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90
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis has _______ Morbidity and ________ Mortality.

A

High (Roughly 90%), Low (Death in Young not as Common as for FMD)

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91
Q

Hosts of Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Cattle, Swine, Horses, Camelids, Humans, Wildlife Species (Especially Raccoons and Deer)

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92
Q

What animals are resistant to Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Sheep and Goats

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93
Q

Losses Due to Vesicular Stomatitis are:

A

Increased Culling, Reduced Milk Production, Increased Mortality, and Labor, Medicine, and Veterinary Costs

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94
Q

Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis are Primarily in

A

Wamer Regions (Riverways, Valleys)
Occasionally in Temperate Regions

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95
Q

Incubation Period of Vesicular Stomatitis

A

3-5 Days

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96
Q

Clinical Signs of Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Fever and Vesicles (Isolated in One Area of the Body - Either Mouth or Feet)

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97
Q

Horses are Severely Affected by Vesicular Stomatitis with Clinical Signs Being

A

Oral Lesions (Drooling, Chomping, Mouth Rubbing, Lameness), Coronary Band Lesions

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98
Q

Post Mortem Lesions From Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Erosive, Ulcerative Lesions
Oral Cavity, Teats, Coronary Band
Degeneration of Epithelial Cells (Histology)
Virus in Fresh Lesions, Vesicular Fluid (EM)

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99
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis Diagnosis

A

Viral Antigen - From Vesicular Fluid or Epithelium, ELISA, Complement Fixation, Virus Neutralization
Antibody Tests - ELISA, Complement Fixation, Virus Neutralization

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100
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis Treatment

A

No Specific Treatment
Recommended: Supportive Care, Antibiotics for Secondary Infection (Mastitis Included), Good Prognosis

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101
Q

Human Infection with Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Contact with Infected: Tissues, Vesicular Fluid, Saliva
Vector Injection: Blackfly and Sandfly
Aerosol Transmission (Lab Setting)

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102
Q

Clinical Signs of Vesicular Stomatitis in Humans

A

Incubation Period: 1-6 Days
Influenza-like Symptoms: Headache, Fever, Retrobulbar Pain, Malaise, Nausea, Limb and Back Pain, Oral Vesicles (Rare)

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103
Q

Recovery from Vesicular Stomatitis in Humans

A

Self-limiting Disease, Supportive Care
Recovery can be Prolonged
Death is Rare

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104
Q

Diagnosis of Vesicular Stomatitis in Humans

A

Clinical Diagnosis Difficult (Flu-like Illness)
Differentials Include: Coxsackie Q Group Viruses (HFM Disease), Herpes Simples
Serology: Virus Isolation Unsuccessful

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105
Q

Public Health Significance to Vesicular Stomatitis

A

Low Incidence of Human Illness, Chance of Infection when Handling Contaminated Tissues (Biosafety Level 3), Rarely Causes Vesicle Formation, Recovery 4-7 Days

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106
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis can be Confused with

A

Foot and Mouth Disease

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107
Q

In the VSV (Vesicular Stomatitis) Vesicle

A

Straw Colored Fluid with Very Concentrated Virus

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108
Q

Transmission of VSV

A

Sand Flies and Blackflies (Diptera: Psychodidae -> Phlebotomine -> “Lutzomyia shannoni”)
Direct Contact: Infected Animals, Contaminated Objects

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109
Q

Prevention and Control of VSV

A

Notification of Authorities, Quarantine, Movement Restriction for 30 Days, Many Different Disinfectants

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110
Q

Feral and Domestic Swine Summary of Ossabaw Island, Georgia (1980-1990)

A
  1. VSV-NJ enzootic and activity is predictable.
  2. Begins in late spring on south end.
  3. Clinical disease uncommon, seroconvert only.
  4. Vector-mediated transmission likely.
    Have never isolated virus from swine blood.
111
Q

WHO Criteria for Vector Competence (VERY IMPORTANT)

A
  1. Isolation from non-blooded specimens.
  2. Susceptible to oral infectivity.
  3. Capable of bite transmission.
  4. Evidence of field association.
112
Q

How does L. shannoni become infected?

A
  1. Unrecognized vertebrate species involved.
  2. Unrecognized modes of oral infectivity.
  3. Transovarial transmission
    Stabilized infection.
  4. Unrecognized transmission mechanism.
113
Q

Tyzzer’s Disease (Errington’s Disease) is Caused by

A

Clostridium piliforme

114
Q

Clostridium piliforme is a

A

Intracellular, Spore-forming, Rod-shaped Bacterium

115
Q

Clostridium piliforme is Primary Seen in

A

Muskrats, Rodents, First Recognized in Mice, Also Seen in Horse Foals

116
Q

Hosts of Tyzzer’s Disease

A

Muskrats (VERY IMPORTANT), Coyotes, Rabbits, Raccoons, Variety of Domestic and Lab Animals

117
Q

Lesions Associated with Clostridium piliformis

A

Ulceration, Necrosis, Hemorrhage and Edema of Cecum and Lower Intestinal Tract
Multifocal Areas of Necrosis in the Liver
Blood-tinged Fluid in Thoracic or Abdominal Cavities, Multifocal Necrotizing Hemorrhagic Typhlitis

118
Q

Typhlitis Is

A

Inflammation of the Cecum

119
Q

Clinical Signs of Tyzzer’s (Errington’s) Disease

A

None Reported, Rapidly Fatal in Natural Infections

120
Q

Transmission of Tyzzer’s (Errington’s Disease)

A

Ingestion of bacterial spores from feces of infected animal.
Spores reported to persist in marshes for up to 5 years.
Errington reported “death hutches”, which were contaminated with spores and were source of infection for animals in succeeding years.

121
Q

Diagnosis of Tyzzer’s Disease

A

Gross and Microscopic Lesions, Histologic Staining, and Giemsa, Silver Stains Will Work

122
Q

Public Health Implications of Errington’s Disease

A

None, but can Cause Periodic Large Scale Die-offs of Muskrats in Upper Midwest

123
Q

Can People get Errington’s Disease?

A

No

124
Q

Physaloptera is Caused by a

A

Nematode

125
Q

Species of Physaloptera Nematodes

A

Physaloptera maxilaris
Physaloptera turgida
Physaloptera rara

126
Q

Physaloptera Nematode in Skunks

A

Physaloptera maxilaris

127
Q

Physaloptera Nematode in Opossums

A

Physaloptera turgida

128
Q

Physaloptera rara Infects

A

Raccoons, Foxes, and Wild Dog and Cats (Common Hosts)
Rare in Domestic Dogs and Cats

129
Q

Physaloptera Commonly Occurs in the

A

Stomach

130
Q

Physaloptera Have an ________ Life Cycle

A

Indirect

131
Q

Intermediate Hosts of Physaloptera

A

Crickets, Cockroaches, Flour and Ground Beetles

132
Q

Paratenic Hosts of Physaloptera

A

Frogs, Snakes, Mice, Turkey, Quail, and Other Birds

133
Q

Paratenic Hosts are Also Called _________, Meaning

A

Transport Hosts; No Further Development (Stays [L3] in Host Before Host is Eaten Again)

134
Q

A Heavy Infection of Physaloptera Leads to

A

Anemia -> Constant Attachment and Release of Worms from Mucosa

135
Q

Can Humans Get Physaloptera?

A

YES

136
Q

Pathogenesis of Physaloptera

A

Attach to gastric mucosa.
Cause erosions, gastritis, excess mucous formation.
Feed largely on blood.

137
Q

Clinical Signs of Physaloptera

A

Intermittent/Chronic Vomiting, Lethargy, Diarrhea, Weight Loss, Anorexia, Melena - Black, Tarry Feces

138
Q

Diagnosis of Physaloptera

A

Fecal Flotations, Gastroduodenoscopy, Worms on Vomitus or Feces

139
Q

Treatment for Physaloptera

A

Febendazole, Pyrantel Pamoate, Ivermectin

140
Q

Old Genus for Baylisascaris

A

Ascaris

141
Q

What are the Three (That We Have to Know) Causative Agents of Baylisascaris

A

Baylisascaris procyonis
Baylisascaris columnaris
Baylisascaris transfuga

142
Q

Baylisascaris in Raccoons

A

Baylisascaris procyonis

143
Q

Baylisascaris is Skunks

A

Baylisascaris columnaris

144
Q

Baylisascaris in Bears

A

Baylisascaris transfuga

145
Q

What is the Infective Stage of Baylisascaris?

A

[L2] in Egg

146
Q

There are _____ Pathways of Infection for Baylisascaris

A

Two

147
Q

Unembryonated Eggs in Feces are

A

Not Infectious

148
Q

Paratenic Hosts of Baylisascaris

A

Mice, Woodchuck, Birds

149
Q

Clinical Signs of Baylisascaris Infection

A

Definitive Hosts: Typically None
Heavy Infection in Skunks: Peritonitis Due to Perforation of Gut Wall
Intermediate Hosts: May Cause Neurologic Disease

150
Q

Signs of Neurologic Disease Associated with Baylisascaris in Intermediate Hosts

A

Circling, Paresis, Paralysis, Torticollis, and Other Neurologic Abnormalities

151
Q

Torticollis Definition:

A

Abnormal Posture, Twisting of Neck

152
Q

Can Baylisascaris Infect Humans?

A

Yes, There Have Been Multiple Human Fatalities

153
Q

Gross Lesions Associated with Baylisascaris in Definitive Host

A

Not Significant

154
Q

Gross Lesions Associated with Baylisascaris in Paratenic Hosts

A

Focal Granulomas in Visceral Organs

155
Q

Lesions Associated with Baylisascaris in General

A

Lesions in Brain and Spinal Cord - Hemorrhage, Microscopic (Maybe Necrosis and Inflammation)

156
Q

Visceral Larval Migrans (VLM) Means that

A

Larva Migrate Through Viscera

157
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis in CNS Leads to

A

Neurologic Disease

158
Q

Diagnosis of Baylisascaris Adults in Definitive Hosts

A

Fecal Exam, Recover Worms at Necropsy

159
Q

Diagnosis of Baylisascaris Adults in Aberrant Hosts

A

Neurologic Disease -> Repeated Histologic Section of Brain and Spinal Cord
Digest Both in HCl/Pepsin Mixture to Recover and Identify Larvae

160
Q

Wildlife Management Significance in Association with Baylisascaris

A

Significant Mortality in Aberrant Hosts
Woodchucks: Neurologic Disease, Paralysis, Mortality

161
Q

Mortality of Cottontail Rabbits in One Outbreak

A

Estimated at 25%

162
Q

Public Health Implications Associated with Baylisascaris

A

4 Fatalities (Special Circumstances)
Non-fatal Cases Involving Ocular Disease in Humans

163
Q

Woodchucks may be Infected with

A

Baylisascaris procyonis and Baylisascaris columnaris

164
Q

Clinical Signs of Baylisascaris in Humans

A

Nausea, Eye and Brain Tissue Damage, Skin Irritations, Lethargy, Loss of Muscle Control, Liver Enlargement

165
Q

Clinical Signs of Baylisascaris in Raccoons

A

NONE

166
Q

How Long Does it Take for Clinical Signs of Baylisascaris to Occur?

A

Appear 1-3 Weeks after Infection, Can Tale as long as 2 Months

167
Q

Treatment for Baylisascaris

A

Laser Treatment for Eye, Anti-helminthics for Raccoons, Damage Done is Irreversible -> No Exact “Treatment”

168
Q

Causative Agents of Raccoon Stomach Worms

A

Gnathostoma procyonis
Physaloptera rara

169
Q

What are Gnathostoma procyonis and
Physaloptera rara?

A

Nematodes

170
Q

Host for Gnathostoma procyonis

A

Raccoons

171
Q

Hosts for Physaloptera rara

A

Raccoons, Wild Carnivores and Omnivores, Rarely in Domestic Cats and Dogs

172
Q

Field Signs of Gnathostoma procyonis or Physaloptera rara

A

None Attributed

173
Q

Lesions Associated with Gnathostoma procyonis or Physaloptera rara

A

Firm Raised Nodules with a Central Ulceration in the Stomach
-> Several Worms may be in One Nodule

174
Q

Diagnosis of Raccoon Stomach Worms

A

Grossly Visible Worms in Stomach at Necropsy

175
Q

Two Intermediate Hosts of Gnathostoma

A

Copepods then Water Snakes
-> Raccoons Infected by Eating Infective Snakes

176
Q

Intermediate Host of Physaloptera

A

Crickets or Other Insects
-> Raccoons Infected by Eating Crickets

177
Q

Wildlife Management Significance of Raccoon Stomach Worms

A

Large Numbers may be Complicating Factor in Heavily Parasitized Malnourished Raccoons

178
Q

Public Health Significance of Raccoon Stomach Worms

A

None

179
Q

Causative Agent of Subcutaneous Worm (of Raccoons)

A

Dracunculus insignis

180
Q

“Dracunculus insignis” is a

A

Nematode

181
Q

Paratenic Hosts of “Dracunculus insignis”

A

Frog, Crayfish, Fish

182
Q

How do Paratenic Hosts and Raccoons get Subcutaneous Worms

A

Paratenic Hosts: Ingestion of Copepods (Intermediate Hosts)
Raccoons: Ingestion of Copepods or Paratenic Hosts

183
Q

In the Paratenic Hosts, the Subcutaneous Worm Larve

A

Encysts [L3]

184
Q

Clinical Signs of “Dracunculus insignis”

A

Swelling or Skin Overlying Worms, Scratching or Rubbing Inflamed Skin, Muscle or Skin Swelling, Fecal Ulcerations of Skin

185
Q

Diagnosis of Subcutaneous Worms

A

Find Worms When Skinned, Preserve in 5% Formalin

186
Q

Wildlife Management Significance of “Dracunculus insignis”

A

Not Considered Pathogenic

187
Q

The Stick of Asclepius and the Symbolic Mark of the WHO Creature

A

The Guinea Worm “Fiery Snake”

188
Q

Causative Agent of Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

189
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi is a

A

Protozoan Parasite

190
Q

Is Trypanosoma a Disease of Raccoons?

A

No, They are Carriers of the Parasite of Humans

191
Q

Can Humans get Trypanosoma from Raccoons and are the Strains in the US Pathogenic?

A

No and No

192
Q

Trypanosoma is a Severe Disease in

A

South America

193
Q

Most Trypanosoma Species are Heteroxenous Meaning

A

Living Within More Than One Host During Their Life Cycle

194
Q

Vectors of “Trypanosoma cruzi”

A

Hemiptera (True Bugs) in Family Reduviidae
-> Kissing Bugs

195
Q

Trypanosoma is the Causative Agent of

A

Chagas Disease
-> 50,000 Deaths Each Year

196
Q

Reservoir Hosts for “Trypanosoma cruzi”

A

Domestic and Wild Mammals
-> Raccoons, Armadillos, Opossums, Rodents, Bats, Non-human Primates, Skunks, Gray Foxes

197
Q

Most Important Reservoir Hosts for Trypanosoma for Human Infections in Endemic Areas

A

Dogs and Cats

198
Q

Where is “Trypanosoma cruzi” Present in Raccoons in Southern Georgia/Northern Florida?

A

Red Hills Plantation

199
Q

Which Sex of Raccoon was Found to Have a Higher Ratio of Infect/Non-infected Specimen with “Trypanosoma cruzi”?

A

Females

200
Q

Causative Agents for Echinococcosis

A

Cestode Parasites (Tapeworms) in Genus Echinococcus

201
Q

Genus of Echinococcus Found in Big Canids, Deer, and Dogs

A

E. granulosus

202
Q

Genus of Echinococcus Found in Red Foxes and Coyotes with Rodents as Intermediate Hosts

A

E. multilocularis

203
Q

The Size of an Adult Echinococcosis Worm is

A

Scolex + 3-5 Segments
-> 1-2mm

204
Q

Principal Definitive Hosts of Echinococcosis in the U.S.

A

Contiguous: Red Foxes and Coyotes
Alaska: Artic Foxes

205
Q

Suitable Definitive Hosts for Echinococcosis

A

Dogs and Cats

206
Q

Intermediate Hosts of Echinococcosis

A

Variety of Rodents

207
Q

Humans are Susceptible to Echinococcosis Infection Through

A

The Larval Stage

208
Q

Echinococcosis is Also Called

A

Hydatid Disease

209
Q

Field Signs of Echinococcosis in Definitive Hosts

A

Rarely Cause Disease

210
Q

Field Signs of Echinococcosis in Intermediate Hosts

A

Depends on Species of Tapeworm and Host as well as the Location and Size of Hydatid Cysts

211
Q

Echinococcosis Tapeworms are Primarily Found in the

A

Liver or Abdominal Cavity

212
Q

Gross Lesions Associated with Echinococcosis in Definitive Hosts

A

Do Not Develop Grossly Detectable Lesions

213
Q

Gross Lesions Associated with Echinococcosis in Intermediate Hosts

A

Multiple, Massive, Hydatid Cysts (Liver, Lungs, Brain, Other Organs)

214
Q

General Transmission of Echinococcosis

A

Carnivore Definitive Host (Adult in Intestine)
Eggs in Feces (Immediately Infective)
Herbivore Intermediate Host (Rodent)
Hydatid Cyst in Viscera Ingested

215
Q

Transmission of E. granulosus

A

Wolves and Dogs
-> Into Unguates (Moose, Caribou, Deer, Sheep, etc.) OR Hydatid Disease of Man

216
Q

Hydatid Disease of Man is a Particular Problem in ___________, but is Prevalent and Distributed ___________

A

Africa and Eurasia; Wordlwide

217
Q

Transmission of E. multilocularis

A

Artic Fox, Red Fox, Coyote, Dog, Cat
-> Into Voles, Deer Mice, Rodents OR Man

218
Q

E. multilocularis Produces a Different Form of Hydatid Disease Called

A

Alveolar Hydatid Disease

219
Q

Alveolar Hydatid Disease Causes and has a CFR of

A

Multiple Branching Enlarging Cysts; 85%

220
Q

Wildlife Management Significance of Echinococcosis

A

Not Really Important in Animals but in People

221
Q

Public Health Considerations Associated with Echinococcosis

A

Cysts in Liver, Lungs, Spleen, Kidneys, Heart, and Brain

222
Q

E. granulosus is Often Found in the

A

Lung

223
Q

E. multilocularis Resembles

A

Cirrhosis of the Liver

224
Q

Cysticercosis Treatment Includes the Usage of

A

Praziquantel

225
Q

Causative Agent of Sarcoptic Mange

A

Sarcoptes scabei (Mite with 8 Legs)

226
Q

Sarcoptic Mange is Transmitted By

A

Direct Contact or Contaminated Environment

227
Q

Hosts of Sarcoptic Mange

A

Red Foxes, Coyotes, Wolves, Dogs, Humans

228
Q

Sarcoptic Mange is the #1 Disease of

A

Red Foxes

229
Q

Can a Grey Fox get Sarcoptic Mange?

A

No

230
Q

Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange

A

Emaciation, Weakness, and Hairloss Due to Excessive Scratching, Chewing and Grooming

231
Q

Lesions Associated with Sarcoptic Mange

A

Self-Induced Trauma with Varying Degrees of Hairloss, Flaky, Dry, or Moist Fetid Material in Fur, Inflammation, Thickening, and Wrinkling of Skin

232
Q

Diagnosis of Sarcoptic Mange

A

Tentative on Gross Lesions, Skin Scraping and Microscope, Demonstrate in Skin Tissue Sections and Histopathology

233
Q

Samson Fox is

A

A Genetic Defect in Grey and Red Foxes Causing No Guard Hairs and only Underfur to be Present

234
Q

Grey Foxes are Considered to be _______ Hosts for Sarcoptic Mange

A

Refractory

235
Q

Public Health Considerations Associated with Sarcoptic Mange

A

Transient Dermatitis in Humans

236
Q

Can Ivermectin Treat Sarcoptic Mange on Foxes?

A

Can Kill Mites if Treated Repeatedly, but Ineffective Against Eggs

237
Q

Non-toxic Dosage of Ivermectin

A

1820mg/10lb/Week

238
Q

Skunk Ascarids Causative Agent

A

Baylisascaris columnaris

239
Q

“Baylisascaris columnaris” is a

A

Nematode

240
Q

Species Affected by Skunk Ascarids

A

Adults: Gastrointestinal Tract
Larval Stages: Infectious for Variety of Mammals and Possibly Birds

241
Q

Fields Signs of Skunk Ascarids

A

Normally: None
Heavy Infections: Perforation of Intestinal Wall and Subsequent Peritonitis and Death

242
Q

Diagnosis of Skunk Ascarids

A

Removal of Worms from Intestinal Contents, Fecal Flotations

243
Q

Wildlife Management Significance of Skunk Ascarids

A

Not Typically Highly Pathogenic in Skunks, Larvae in Other Species can cause Neurologic Disease

244
Q

Public Health Considerations

A

Larvae Eggs may be Infectious to Humans

245
Q

Causative Agent of Cutaneous Warbles (Ectoparasites)

A

Larvae of Flies in Genus Cuterebra

246
Q

Species Affected by Cutaneous Warbles

A

Grey Squirrels in S.E. U.S. and Rodents and Rabbits

247
Q

Field Signs of Cutaneous Warbles

A

Increased Scratching and Grooming, Subcutaneous Swellings, Signs Vary

248
Q

Gross Lesions Associated with Cutaneous Warbles

A

Localized Swellings, Small Hairloss Near Openings

249
Q

Diagnosis of Cutaneous Warbles

A

Recovery and Identification of Larvae (Rearing to Adult Flies may be Necessary), Preserve in Formalin or 70% Alcohol

250
Q

In Grey Squirrels, Larvae (of Botflies) are Most Abundant During

A

Late Summer and Fall

251
Q

Wildlife Management Significance of Cutaneous Warbles

A

Not Considered to Compromise Health, Heavy Infections may Lead to Bacterial Infections, Does not Effect Meat Quality

252
Q

Can Humans Obtain Cutaneous Warbles?

A

Yes, Environmentally not Through Animal Hosts

253
Q

Causative Agent for Fibromatosis

A

Virus - Poxvirus

254
Q

Fibromatosis is Similar to

A

Shope’s Fibroma

255
Q

Hosts of Fibromatosis

A

Grey Squirrels, Woodchucks, Foxes, and Other Tree Squirrels (?)

256
Q

Transmission of Fibromatosis

A

Experimentally: “Aedes” and “Anopheles” Mosquitoes
Arthropods Suspected in Nature

257
Q

Lesions Associated with Fibromatosis

A

Raised, Flattened Nodules on Skin
Light Colored, Sparsely Haired, Occasionally Disseminated Over Body, Normally Restricted to Skin Only

258
Q

Clinical Signs of Fibromatosis

A

None Reported, Most Infections are Self-limiting

259
Q

Diagnosis of Fibromatosis

A

Tentative Gross Lesions, Confirm Using Histopathology or Virus Isolation

260
Q

Public Health Implications Associated with Fibromatosis

A

None

261
Q

Name the Additional Squirrel Skin Conditions

A

Congenital Alopecia, Dermatophytosis, Notoedric Mange, and Louse Bite Lesions

262
Q

Provide a Description of Congenital Alopecia

A

A Nontransmissible Disease that Causes an Absence of Hair that is Thought to be Inherited. To Confirm the Disorder, a Histologic Examination is Required to show a lack of Hair Follicles.

263
Q

Dermatophytoses is Also Called

A

“Tinea” or “Ringworm”

264
Q

The Comon Fungus that Causes Infection in Squirrels

A

Trichophyton

265
Q

What is Dermatophytoses?

A

Superficial fungal infections on non-living layers of the skin or hair

266
Q

What Other Fungus Genus has Been Reported to Cause Lesions in Association with “Ringworm”?

A

Mucor

267
Q

Can Humans get Dematophytoses?

A

Yes, but risk of Infection from Handling Wildlife is Low and Treatment is Typically Rapid Through Usage of a Topical.

268
Q

Causative Agent of Notoedric Mange

A

Squirrel Mange Mite - Notoedres

269
Q

Notoedric Mange has Been Reported from

A

Grey and Fox Squirrels

270
Q

Diagnosis of Notoedric Mange

A

Identification of Mites from a Skin Scraping

271
Q

Causative Agents of Louse Bite Lesions (Need to Know Two Genus of Blood Sucking Lice)

A

Neohaematopinus and Hoplopeura

272
Q

Describe Louse Bite Lesions

A

Circumscribed Reddened Lesions seen on the Abdomen, Inner Thighs, and Ventral Thorax.

273
Q

Can People get Either Genus of Squirrel Lice?

A

No, Squirrel Lice are Host Specific and Will Not Live on People

Wildlife Diseases (2 decks)

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