Gentrification

Question 1

first wave

Answer 1

prior to 1973, the process was sporadic and state-led, focusing on reinvesting in neglected urban areas

Question 2

second wave

Answer 2

late 1970s and 1980s, rapid investment in urban neighborhoods and a surge in private sector involvement, community resistance

Question 3

third wave

Answer 3

1990s, active state facilitation, reflecting a broader integration of urban policy with corporate interests, with gentrification becoming more corporatized and supported by state policies at various levels, reduced community opposition

Question 4

post-socialist cities

Answer 4

gentrification less aggressive but arises from the transition from centrally planned to market-driven housing systems

Question 5

global north

Answer 5

gentrification is often associated with the displacement of lower-income residents by wealthier, middle-class newcomers

Question 6

global south

Answer 6

gentrification with a distinct focus on spatial transformation rather than improving the livelihoods of existing residents, emulating Euro-American standards

Question 7

consequences for original residents

Answer 7

displacement, cultural loss, and socio-economic strain

Question 8

direct displacement

Answer 8

when residents are physically or economically forced to leave, such as through rent increases or the deliberate neglect of housing conditions by landlords

Question 9

chain displacement

Answer 9

a less visible process, affects households that were already pushed out earlier during the neighborhood’s decline or initial redevelopment phases

Question 10

exclusionary displacement

Answer 10

rising property values and living costs make it impossible for low-income residents to access housing in gentrified areas