Gensoc Flashcards
FGM means
Female Genital Mutilation
Involves surgical removal of parts of all the most sensitive female organs
Female Genital Mutilation
Types of FGM
Circumcision or Sunna
Excision or clitoridectomy
Infibulation orr Pharaonic circumcision
Introcision
Involves the removal of the prepuce and the tip of the clitoris. Medically likened to male circumsion
Circumcision or Sunna
Involves the removal of the clitoris and often also the labia minora. Common in Africa, Asia, Middle East and Arabian peninsula
Excision or Clitoridectomy
Most severe operation. Involves excision plus the removal of the labia majora and the sealing of the two sides. Small opening to permit urination and passing of menstrual blood.
Infibulation or Pharaonic Circumcision
Practiced by the Pitta-Pitta aborigines of Australia. An operator (elderly man) enlarges the vaginal orfice by tearing it with three fingers bounded by opposum string or by using stone and knife. After the procedure it is followed by a compulsory sexual intercourse with a number of young boys.
Introcision
The type of female circumsion performed is oftenly decided by the girl’s _________
Mother or grandmother
The are the one’s administering the female circumsion
Excisor
Approximately _______ girls and women, currently living in 30 countries have experienced Genital Mutilation
100 Million
FGM is practiced in _____ countries in Africa
25
Reasons for FGM
Religion
Custom
Decreasing Sexual desire for women
Hygiene
Aesthetics
Facility of sexual relations
Fertility
They believe that when the clitoris the head of the baby it will die
Barbara of Mali
It is manifested in different practices where the preference for a male child and rejection for a daughter
Son preference
Son preference can lead to ______ and ______
Selective abortion
Female infanticide
T OR F
Son preference is universal and not unique to developing countries or rural areas
True
T OR F
Son preference is a trans-cultural phenomenon, and more ranked in American Countries and rooted in the patriarchal system
False (Asian Countries)
T OR F
Tribal societies which are matrilineal societies tends to be more gender eglitarian until the advent of settled agriculture
True
T OR F
Son preference is rooted on culture and economics
True
Women controls _________ agriculture
While men controls ______ agriculture
Primary
Settled
The birth of a son is an asset and a daughter is a liability which brings impending economic drain. This statement is manifested by this Asian proverb
“bringing up girls is like watering the neighbor’s garden’
________ Places the female child in a disadvantageous position
Sex bias or son preference
Practiced in Asia. Ensures female children have no life at all
Female infanticide
T OR F
Modern practice such as amniocentesis and ultrasound tests have given women greater power to detect the sex of their babies in time for abortion
True
_______ is another serious problem which girls must face. It is the practice of giving away girls which robs her childhood time necessary to develop her physically, emotionally, and psychologically
Early Marriage/Child Marriage
Early marriage is the practice of giving away girls for marriage at the age of
11,12,13
T OR F
Girls fr communities where early marriages occur are also victims of son preferential treatment
True
This is a woman’s exchange value in cash or any agreed form.
Bride-price
When the woman is a virgin notably through FGM the bride price is ______
Higher
In south Asia, low status girls’ parents has to pay the husband at the the of marriage. It is a form of property a woman brings with them when they marry.
Dowry
T OR F
Recent development on the practice of dowry has been spiraling in India with new added expectations
True
What are the recent expectations added on dowry
- Increased in size (Land and means of survival are considered normal dowries)
- Longitudinal quality (Dowry is paid on Holidays, Birthdays)
- Marriage became the most important event in samskara (Hindu rite of passage)
- Size of dowries became the most important incentive in choice of men’s partners
- Increased consumerism, elaborate gifts (cars, boats)
This includes mental and physical torture, starvation, rape and even burning women alive if payments are not met.
Dowry Crimes
According to UNICEF no girl should be pregnant before the age of _____.
18
T OR F
The risk on the mother’s and the child’s life is at higher risk in child pregnancies
True
Cultural practices that ensure pregnant women are deprived of essential nutrients
Nutritional Taboos
A practice where from infancy to adulthood a female child is given a lower nutrition diet than males
Permanent taboos
A taboo that often exclude nutrients essential for the expectant mother and fetus. Only applicable only in certain times of life.
Temporary Taboos
This practice of child delivery is done with a deep cut in the interior of the wall of the vagina for easy delivery
“Zur Zur”
A knife or razor-blade is used to cut the labia minora and vaginal opening
Gishiri cut
They have no formal training but acquire skills via apprenticeships
Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA)
The process of learning one’s culture
Socialization
Learning to view oneself as other’s see him or her is called.
Looking-glass self
One of the first elements young people identify is their
Gender identity
Practices that channel girls and boys aspirations that generally undermines a girl’s self-worth and self-esteem that cause them to have low achievement
Achievement socialization
Socialization for domestic and division of labor. Women are still viewed as housewives
Domestic socialization
Belief that women and men have biological different capacities and that these differences are from a legitimate basis of unequal treatment
Sexism
Special form of discrimination that includes unwelcome sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other unwanted verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature.
Sexual harassment
Sexual behavior constitutes unlawful discrimination when submission or rejection of conduct affects
Terms of employment
Basis of promotion
Interference of work performance
Three factors in determining the gendered division in a society
Type of subsistence base
The supply and demand of labor
The extent to which a women’s child rearing activities are compatible with certain type of work
Refers to the means by which society gains the necessities of life.
Subsistence
The level of technology and the organization of the economy in a given society
Techno-economic-base
5 techno-economic-bases that determine gender stratification
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastural societies
Agrarian societies
Industrial societies
Post industrial societies
Earliest known division of labor between men and women. Where men hunt and women gather
Hunting and gathering societies
T OR F
In Hunting and gathering societies women are full economic partners of men
True
This society has little social stratification because there is no surplus
Hunting and gathering societies
Society with steady source of food because of grown resources
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
T OR F
In horticultural and pastoral societies there is a low degree of equality because men control the food supply
False (High degree of equality because neither control the food supply)
When inadequate moisture in an area makes planting impossible, the domestication of large animals for food is employed
Pastoralism
Social practices that contribute to gender inequality in horticultural and pastoral societies
Polygyny
Menstrual taboo
Bridewealth/Brideprice
Marriage of one man to multiple wives
Polygyny
Women are placed in subordinate positions by segregating them into menstrual huts as they are considered unclean
Menstrual taboo
Payment of a price by a man for a wife, turning women into property that can be bought and sold
Bridewealth/Brideprice
In this society gender inequality and male dominance became institutionalized since men became more involved in food production when farming became mechanized
Agrarian societies
T OR F
Women are excluded from production of food because they viewed as too weak for work because of child rearing responsibilities
True
A practice that secludes women and forces them to wear extremely modest apparel since thet beed to submit to men. Found among Muslim and Hindu women
Purdah
Surgical procedure that involves cutting a part or stitching the vagina to control a girl’s sexual activity
Genital Mutilation
Factory or mechanized production replaced agriculture. As societies industrialize the status of women tends to decline further
Industrial societies
Husbands are breadwinners and wives are homemakers. The home is a private personal sphere which women creates a haven for family. This is establishing the
Cult of domesticity or cult of true womanhood
Society in which technology supports a service and information based economy
Post-Industrial Societies
T OR F
While there are increasing number of women in the labor force in Post-Industrial societies. They still face disadvantage such as low salaries and facing a double burden in caring for their families and doing work.
True
It means how much importance society confers on females vs males
Relative status of women
What are the 4 contributory factors for women’s status
Women’s contribution to subsistence
Importance of warfare
Existence of political hierarchy
Practice of matrilocal and matrilineal forms
T OR F
Women’s status will be high when they contribute substantially to subsistence.
True
T OR F
In warfare men are equally important than women
False (women are less important)
T OR F
Whenever political behavior is important or frequent. Men’s status are higher
True
T OR F
Women have higher status where kin groups and couple’s place of residence are organized around women
True
