Biosystematics Flashcards
SCIENCE THAT ENCOMPASSES TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY, AND ITS PRIMARY GOAL IS TO RECONSTRUCT PHYLOGENY
Systematics
DESCRIPTION, IDENTIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, AND
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
Taxonomy
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF LIFE
Phylogeny
CUMULATIVE CHANGE THAT OCCURRED IN AN ORGANISM SINCE THE
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Evolution
THE TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM PARENTS TO
OFFSPRING OVER TIME, WHICH LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF LINEAGE OR
CLADE
Descent
A SET OF ORGANISMS INTERCONNECTED THROUGH TIME AND SPACE BY THE TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING
Clade
GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES THAT IS USUALLY
GEOGRAPHICALLY DELIMITED AND THAT TYPICALLY HAS A SIGNIFICANT
AMOUNT OF GENE EXCHANGE
Population
A GROUP OF ORGANISMS THAT IS ESSENTIALLY
REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED FROM OTHER GROUPS
Species
What are the two mechanisms of evolution?
- Genetic Drift
2. Natural Selection
An evolutionary mechanism where the modifications are random
Genetic Drift
An evolutionary mechanism in which the modifications are not random
Natural selection
A FEATURE THAT PERFORMS A PARTICULAR FUNCTION AND BRINGS ABOUTINCREASED SURVIVAL
Adaptation
WHEN POPULATIONS EVOLVED TO BECOME DISTINCT SPECIES
Speciation
TAXONOMIC UNIT OF ANY
RANK; ARRANGED IN HIERARCHY, FROM
KINGDOM TO SPECIES
Taxon
Arrange the taxons from the most inclusive to the least
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
AN ACCURATE AND COMPLETE LISTINGS OF FEATURES OF ORGANISMS OR
PART OF AN ORGANISM IS ONE OF THE MAJOR OBJECTIVES AND
CONTRIBUTION TO TAXONOMY
Description
THE PROCESS OF ASSOCIATING AN UNKNOWN TAXON WITH A KNOWN ONE
Identification
ALSO KNOWN AS TAXONOMIC KEYS
Dichotomous key
DICHOTOMOUS KEY CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF TWO CONTRASTING
STATEMENTS CALLED
Leads
Two leads form a…
Couplet
FORMAL NAMING OF TAXA ACCORDING TO A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM
Nomenclature
The formal name of organisms
Scientific name
Scientific names is comprised of which taxa
Genus and Specific Epithet
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Plural of genus
Genera
What are the two methods of taxonomic classification?
Phenetic
Phylogenetic
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OVERALL SIMILARITIES
Phenetic
BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY, OR PATTERN OF DESCENT
Phylogenetic
REFERS TO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A GROUP OF ORGANISMS REPRESENTED IN A CLADOGRAM
Phylogeny
A BRANCHING DIAGRAM THAT REPRESENTS THE
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF DESCENT
Cladogram
Branching on the cladogram represents…
Divergence
A line in the cladogram is called…
A clade
INFERRING THE PATTERN OF EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A
GROUP, USING APOMORPHIES
Cladistics
NEW OR UNIQUE OR DERIVED CHARACTER
Apomorphy
Cladograms: CONSIST OF A COMMON ANCESTOR PLUS ALL
DESCENDANTS OF THAT COMMON ANCESTOR
Monophyletic groups
CONSIST OF A COMMON ANCESTOR BUT NOT ALL
DESCENDANTS OF THAT COMMON ANCESTOR
Paraphyletic group
TWO OR MORE SEPARATE GROUPS, EACH WITH A
SEPARATE COMMON ANCESTOR
Polyphyletic group
7 FIELDS THAT SYSTEMATICS
ENCOMPASSED
- BIODIVERSITY
- TAXONOMY
- CLASSIFICATION
- NOMENCLATURE
- BIOGEOGRAPHY
- EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
- PHYLOGENETICS
True or false. NO OTHER BRANCH OF BIOLOGY HAS MADE A GREATER CONTRIBUTION TO
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTION THAN SYSTEMATICS
True
True or false. SYSTEMATICS IS THE FOUNDATION OF COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY
True
Which of the statement is not a role of biosystematics in modern biology?
A. SYSTEMATICS IDENTIFY AND DOCUMENT EARTH’S BIODIVERSITY, AND
ORGANIZE THIS INFORMATION IN A FORM THAT CAN BE UTILIZED BY OTHERS
B. SYSTEMATIC PATTERNS ARE HYPOTHESES OF THE HISTORY OF LIFE AND
FORM THE BASIS FOR MODERN CLASSIFICATIONS
C. PHYLOGENETIC PATTERNS THAT RESULT FROM SYSTEMATIC STUDIES, AND CLASSIFICATIONS DERIVED FROM THEM, HAVE PREDICTIVE VALUE
D. SYSTEMATICS HELPS BIOLOGISTS IDENTIFY AND ELIMINATE SPECIES THAT HAVE NO USE AND ARE HARMFUL TO OUR ENVIRONMENT
E. SYSTEMATICS PROVIDES INDEPENDENT EVIDENCE FOR PATTERNS OF
GEOLOGICAL CHANGE
D
Which of the following fields are not helped by systematics?
A. APPLIED BIOLOGY B. APPLIED CHEMISTRY C. EPIDEMIOLOGY D. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL E. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
B
DATING ROCKS IS DONE THROUGH RADIOACTIVE DECAY, BUT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CAN BE DATED THROUGH THEIR ENCLOSED FLORA AND FAUNA. SYSTEMATISTS PLAYS A VITAL ROLE IN IDENTIFYING THESE FLORA AND FAUNA, AND FORMULATE A CLEAR PICTURE OF GEOLOGICAL EVENTS. In what field of study does this function biosystematic need?
Determination of sequential events
AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY CAN BE CONDUCTED WITHOUT
IDENTIFYING THE SPECIES THAT ARE OF ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE. True or false?
False
SYSTEMATICS IS THE FOUNDATION OF ________
Comparative Biology
How many kingdoms are there according to cavalier-smith?
8
Kingdom that includes mammals
Animalia
Phylum that includes jellyfish
Cnidarians
The only plant species left in its family
Gingko Biloba
What is an invertebrate?
Animals with no backbone
