Genphyd Quiz 1 Flashcards
cells that have no nucleus / bacteria
prokaryotic cells
complex cells with a nucleus and subcellular structures /
organelles
eukaryotic cells
membrane that controls what goes in and comes out
plasma membrane
a gelatin-like substance, plus structural fibers and organelles
cytoplasm
contains the genetic library of the cell
nucleus
forms the cell’s outer boundary and separates the cells internal environment from the outside environment
plasma membrane
contains all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
cytoplasm
the (mostly water) fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
describes the arrangement of molecules within the membrane
fluid mosaic model
icebergs
fluid mosaic model
forms a lipid bilayer
phospholipids
extends into or through the bilayer
integral proteins
span the entire lipid bilayer (most integral proteins)
transmembrane protein
attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane
peripheral proteins
membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid
glycoproteins
sugary coating
glycocalyx
selectively move substances through the membrane
transporters
for cellular recognition
receptors
catalyze chemical reactions
enzymes
the process where the membrane allows only some substances across but not others
selective permeability
what is a special case that is highly polar, yet still freely permeable
water
involves the substance moving across the cell membrane without the input of any energy
WITH or DOWN
passive processes
involves the use of energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP, to move a substance against its gradient
active processes
diffusion of water
osmosis
requires a specific channel or a carrier molecule, but no energy
facilitated diffusion
the passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
diffusion
two ways water can pass through the plasma membrane
simple diffusion
through aquaporins
the force generated by the movement of water from the left to the right side is called?
osmotic pressure
amount of the NaCl in the blood
0.9%
refers to the concentration of salt solutions in the blood and elsewhere
tonicity
what solution is used on dehydrated patients
hypotonic solutions
shrinkage of the rbc
crenation
carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions
antiporters
carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction
symporters
a small spherical sac formed by building off from a membrane
vesicle
process where materials moves into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
process where vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid
exocytosis
a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis
transcytosis
engulfing of bacteria
phagocytosis
liquid objects
bulk-phase endocytosis
intracellular fluid;
site of many chemical reactions
cytosol
specialized structures within the cell
organelles
supports the structure
cytoskeleton
located near the nucleus , consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar material
centrosome
short hair-like projections
cilia
longer than cilia, moves an entire cell
flagella
sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
pancakes; consists of 3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae
golgi complex
vesicles that form from the golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzymes
lysosomes
smaller than lysosomes;
detoxify toxic
peroxisomes
continuously destroys unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
proteasomes
generates atp; powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
series of folds of the inner membrane
cristae
the large central fluid filled cavity
matrix
as double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
numerous openings in the nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
spherical body that produces ribosomes
nucleolus
cell’s hereditary units
genes
long molecules of dna combined with protein molecules
chromosomes
