GENPATH Cancer (1) Intro to Cancer Flashcards
A blastoma is a type of cancer, more common in children, that is caused by malignancies in ______
precursor cells, often called blasts
Examples are nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma and retinoblastoma.
The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells, e.g., chondroblastoma is composed of cells resembling the precursor of chondrocytes.
A teratoma is a tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of ____
more than one germ layer
Carcinomas are […]
Sarcomas are […]
Adenocarcinomas are […]
Adenomas are […]
Fibroadenomas are […]
Carcinomas are malignant epithelial neoplasms
Sarcomas are malignant mysenchymal/stromal neoplasms
Adenocarcinomas are malignant epithelial neoplasm of glandular origin
Adenomas are benign neoplasms of glandular origin
Fibroadenomas are benign neoplasm of fibrous and glandular origin
MOST CANCERS ARE CARCINOMAS because epithelial cells proliferates more frequently
Most cancers that are benign ends with “oma” (many exceptions, including lymphoma)
if they are maligant, they end with “carcinoma” or “sarcoma”
Definition of neoplasm:
“An […], the growth of which […] with that of normal tissue, and […] in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change” - Willis
Definition of neoplasm:
“An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change” - Willis
Difference between cancer and neoplasm.
Neoplasm can be […] or […]
but cancer = […]
Difference between cancer and neoplasm.
Neoplasm can be Benign orMaligant
but cancer = Malignant neoplasm
How is obesity links to colorectal cancer?
[…]
***ppl have high insulin –> increased insulin-like growth factors –> cell proliferation
*
Therefore, diabetes also have increased risk of colorectal cancer
Abit similar to Hallmark 10: Tumor-Promoting Inflammation where inflammation provides growth factors and etc to the tumour microenvironment. For obesity, the insulin-like growth factors makes the tumour microenvironment more suitable for tumour proliferation.
liver and **lung **are the common target organs for distant metastasis because […]
liver and** lung **are the common target organs for distant metastasis because of vascular drainage to these two organs
And they are end capillary beds.
Malignant cells are cytologically abnormal and abnormality is mostly in the […] characteristics
Malignant cells are cytologically abnormal and abnormality is mostly in the** nuclear (NOT CYTOSOLIC) **characteristics
The more undifferentiated a cancer cell is, the more […] it is
The more undifferentiated a cancer cell is, the more **aggressive **it is
A more losted tumor is more aggressive.
What are the 3 parts to consider for classification of neoplasms?
[…]
What are the 3 parts to consider for classification of neoplasms?
***1. Anatomical site
2. Behaviour (benign or malignant or intermediate)
3. Histogenesis (Cell of origin)
*
What are the differences between benign and and maligant neoplasm (there are many differences, name the defining difference)
[…]
What are the differences between benign and and maligant neoplasm (there are many differences, name the defining difference)
***Infiltrative and Metastasizing in maligant, but not in benign
**benign vs malignant
Smooth with clearly defined borders vs Rough with irregular borders
Grow by compression vs Grow by infiltration, invasion
No necrosis/haemorrhage vs Presence of necrosis/haemorrhage
No metastasis vs Metastasis present (lymph nodes first)
Well differentiated vs Poorly differentiated
Pleomorphism absent vs Pleomorphism present
low N/C count vs high N/C count (nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio)
There are exceptions to the other points!!! BUT they are defined by their inflitration and metastasis.
**Infiltration **- has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues.
**Metastasis **- the spread of cancer cells to new areas of the body (often by way of the lymph system or bloodstream)
What cell product indicates cancer of squamous cell origin? (IMPT!!!)
[…]
What cell product indicates cancer of glandular origin? (IMPT!!!)
[…]
What cell product indicates cancer of squamous cell origin? (IMPT!!!)
Keratin
What cell product indicates cancer of glandular origin? (IMPT!!!)
Mucin
