genomes to ecosystems Flashcards
what is an example of an ecosystem service?
coral reefs
5 different types of interactions
-symbiosis mutualism
-commensalims
parasitic mutualism
facultative mutualism
obligate mutualism
symbiosis- living close together of two different kinds of organisms.
commensalism- one species benefits, but the other is neither helped or harmed
parasitic mutalisation- one species benefits and the other is harmed
obligate mutualism- cannot survive without a relationship
facultative mutualism- can survive independently without the relationship but not as well. eg coral reefs, as some species benefit from the reefs but do not strictly rely on it.
how much of ocean species live in coral reefs
more than 50%
what is ecosystem functioning and the 4 services we receive from.
them? with examples
-supporting servives
-regulating services
-provisioning services
-cultural services
refers to the capacity of ecosystems to carry out the primary ecosystem processes of capturing, storing and transferring energy, c02 and water.
supporting services- all the ecosystem processes eg energy transfer, nutrient, water and c02 cycling. which are essential to support ecosystem services eg photosynthesis, soil formation over time.
regulating services- the benefits we get from supporting services if they are sustained eg plants absorb co2 which regulates climate and temperature eg carbon sequestration, waste recycling, climate regulation, air quality, water purification
provisioning services- all the goods and services we receive from the ecosystem eg food, water, crops
cultural services- non material benefits people receive from the ecosystem. eg spiritual enrichment and aesthetic experiences
the difference between pattern and process in evolution and natural selection?
pattern- changes we see in fossil records over time (homology = skeletons, features inherited from common ancestors)
process- natural selection through ecological opportunity
two rules of inheritance to explain how traits are inherited to one generation to the next?
-law of segregation
-law of independent assortment
1) law of segregation- when the formation of gametes, the two pair of allele separates into haploid and each gamete receives one allele from each gene. from each parent.
2) law of independent assortment- the genes are assorted differently from each other during gamete formation. leading to a variety of genetic combinations in offspring
4 different types of natural selection to understand how traits become more/ less common in population overtime.
-stabilising selection
-directional selection
-distruptive selection
-sexual selection
1) stabilising selection= favours inderviduals with mean phenotypes. and reduced variation in a population by selecting against extremes. For instance, in human birth weights, babies of average weight have higher survival rates than very small or very large babies, leading to a reduction in variation over time. mean traits stays the same.
2) directional selection- favours one extreme phenotype other the other - mean trait moves in response to one direction and intensity of selection. and the least common extreme trait will decrease. eg if larger body size provides an advantage for survival, the population may gradually become larger over generations.
3) disruptive selection- both extreme phenotypes are favoured, and intermediate is selected against, and mean trait. leading to a split with two distinct evolutionary groups. egpopulation of birds where individuals with very light or very dark coloration have advantages, while those with intermediate coloration are at a disadvantage.
4) sexual selection= focusses on traits that enhance reproductive success
intrasexual selection- competition between the same sex, with a high variance in reproductive success eh males for access to mates
intersexual selection- woman choose men for mating is not accepted.
meaning of phenotypic plasticity
ability for an organism to change it’s phenotype based on environmental conditions
explain the breeders equation in terms of heritilbility
r=h2 x S
greater heritability of a trait the faster the species can respond to selective pressures.
r= h2 x S
r= evolutionary response
h2= heritability
s= selection difference
h2= 1 it means no environmental influence and the evolutionary response is only determined by genetics
h2=0.5 means only half the evolutionary response is determined by genetics.
what is the term used for a rapid increase of a species with a common ancestor?
adaptive radiation eg Darwin finches
what is ecological succession?
a constant state of flux in which the species or habitat living in an area changes over time
what is the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae dinoflagellate?
evolved facultative endosymbiosis to provide nutrients
how does coral bleaching occur?
cycles of radiation and extinction.
which coral is put under stress, algae produces clouds of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
=ROS results in oxidative damage
= DNA mutations
=death
4 examples of regulatory services?
1- wetlands ;CARBON SEQUENTRATION AND STORAGE
2- pollination services
3- coastal marine ecosystum
4- ocean ecosystem services
state 3 molecular genetic approaches to help understand evolution and phylogeny?
-comparative anatomy
-fossil records
-the molecular clock
comparative anatomy- study similarities of body structures.
fossil records- provides a record to how creatures are evolved
the molecular clock- looking into DNA and protein sequences at a constant rate overtime.
how haplotypes in isolated populations can provide significant insights into genetic diversity,
-e.g. SNPs
haplotypes are groups of SNPs inherited together which makes it easier to identify specific genetic variants that may be associated with traits or diseases.
In isolated populations, reduced genetic diversity can lead to more defined haplotypes. This makes it easier to identify specific genetic variants that may be associated with traits or diseases.
different modes of speciation which new species arises
-allopatric
-sympatric
allopatric- new species formed from geographically isolated population
peripatetic (allopatric founder effect)- new species formed from a small population isolated at the edge of a large population.
sympatric- new species arises in same area but may differ in habitat/ behaviour eg adaptive radiation.
