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Fundamental Biology 2X > Genome to ecosystem > Flashcards

Genome to ecosystem Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are coral reefs usually found and why?

A

On the coastlines, in shallow water around the tropics- do not require water with lots of nutrients as they produce nutrients independently (using symbionts)

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2
Q

Explain the process of coral bleaching.

A

The coral ejects symbiont (which provides aprox 70% of corals energy )// algae needed for nutirent releases reactive oxygen species under stressful conditions, creating DNA damage-> mutations-> cell death

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3
Q

What is the role of facultative endosymbiosis with zooxanthellae dinoflagellate in coral?

A

provides additional nutrients- this is a component which has evolved over time and the more adapted coral is to using dinoflagellate the more likely it is to survive.

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4
Q

What causes coral bleaching?

A

Under stressful conditions coral creates clouds of reactive oxygen species which causes oxidative damage and DNA mutants.

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5
Q

Why are corals more likely to suffer from climate change?

A

Inhabit shallow water, shallow water experience much faster temperature change.

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6
Q

Name some stressors environmental stressors to coral?

A

sea surface temperatures increase/ sol radiation increases/ silt deposition flux/ prey overabundance (overfishing)

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7
Q

Name some of corals ecosystem services

A

Habitat for fisheries/ biodiversity/ tourism/ costal protection/ carbon sink/ medicinal and drug discoveries

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8
Q

What are 3 main theories of evolution? (excluding Natural Selection.)

A

LAMARKISM - individuals lose characteristics which are not requires, offspring therefore don’t inherit these traits (now known as epigenetics)// CATASTROPISM - geographic and terrestrial events define fossil records and our understanding of evolution // MUTATIONISM - species emerge through large genomic jumps

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9
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the abiotic and biotic things in a area and their interactions

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10
Q

What are the 4 main function carried out by ecosystems?

A

Energy transfer/ nutrient cycling/ water cycling/ CO2 cycling.

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11
Q

What is meant by ‘ecosystem process’? give some examples

A

The physical , chemical and biological processes which link organisms to their environment (E.G. nutrient uptake ad release/ photosynthesis)

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12
Q

What are different categories of ecosystem services?

A

SUPPORTING- allows other services to occur/ REGULATING- actual benefits / PROVISIONING- tangible benefit people gain/ CULTURAL non-material benefits humans gain

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by supporting services .

A

A service which maintains fundamental ecosystem processes e.g. genetic maintained in biological diversity

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14
Q

Explain what is meant by Regulatory services.

A

The actual benefits obtained from regulation of services e.g. carbon sequestration

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15
Q

Explain what is meant by provisioning services

A

The material or energy outputs from an ecosystem e.g. fresh water (a resource)

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16
Q

Explain what is meant by cultural services.

A

A nonmaterial (intangible) benefit e.g. recreation can occur in large areas of grassland

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17
Q

How does ecosystem good and services aid the healthy functioning of an ecosystem

A

The benefits caused by the service benefits humans leading to increased conservation and management processes which further amplifies the success of these services

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18
Q

What is meant by ‘evolution patterns’?

A

The change we see in fossil records through time

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19
Q

What does monophyletic refer to

A

Organism which descend from common ancestors

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20
Q

What are some principles of natural selection

A

Individuals which are better suited/ or adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce passing on advantageous alleles and changing the allele frequency of a population overtime.

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21
Q

What does the modern synthesis refer to?

A

The integration of Darwin’s evolution and
Mendel’s genetics// selection through environmental pressures can be passed onto generations through inheritance

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22
Q

How can selection act on phenotypes

A

Changes in environments results in different alleles becoming more favourable and individuals with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce increasing allele frequency in populations and therefore the phenotype of this allele is more dominant.

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23
Q

What is meant by heritability?

A

How differences in genotypes between population alters phenotypes (calculated by genotypic variation divided by phenotypic variation)

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24
Q

What does sexual selection refer to?

A

Adaptations over time caused due to their sex, this can be intrasexual - competition between members of the same sex for a mate or intersexual selection - members of one sex chose a member of the opposite sex

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25
Q

What is the breeders equation?

A

Explains the different phenotypes through generations/// evolutionary response= heritability^2 X selection differential

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26
Q

What does sexually dimorphism explain?

A

the systematic different forms between individuals of different species with the same species

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27
Q

How can DNA sequencing be used to determine ancestors and phylogeny?

A

Ancestors are usually indicted by individuals with very similar genomes,

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28
Q

What is meant by phylogeny?

A

The representation of evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

29
Q

What does the Founder effect explain?

A

That when small groups of individuals separate from larger populations , results in a reduction in genetic diveristy

30
Q

Name some modes of speciation.

A

Allopatric - external barrier isolates a population causing a genetic divergence // sympatric - there is no geographic difference populations just become genetical different due to habitat/ behaviour or adaptation

31
Q

What are radiation events, how do we recognise them?

A

Rapid diversification of a species from a common ancestor due to environmental changes.

32
Q

What are some possible causes of radiation events?

A

Major environmental event e.g. earthquake destroying communities// formation of new land = rapid adaptation

33
Q

Give some examples of how humans have effected ecosystems

A

Wildfires create extinction = radiation event// urbanisation- removes them// deforestation // pollution - puts a higher demand on adaptation// overfishing- alters food chain

34
Q

What is meant by de-extinction?

A

The reversing of plant and animal extinctions through creating new versions of previously lost species.

35
Q

How is species diversity is globally distributed?

A

Majority is found on larger landmasses - Europe/ South Africa and Australia.

36
Q

Why would our knowledge of biodiversity be bias?

A

Areas may seem to have more biodiveristy due to more research being undergone here// we are more ,likely to identify and monitor organism which are larger and easier to relate to e.g. monkeys/ pandas/// media and museums choses what to represent.

37
Q

What is meant by citizen science? how can this help measure biodiversity?

A

Individuals submit data about organisms using large dataset, they do not need to be scientists

38
Q

What are the three levels of ecosystem organisation?

A

individuals / populations (individuals from the same species in the same area)/ communities (individuals from different species in the same area)

39
Q

What factors influence population growth?

A

Density independent factors (environmental stressors - light/ wind/ salt/ water/ temperature…) and resource availability( density -dependent factors)

40
Q

What is the difference between competition and coexistence?

A

competition has negative effects on one organism // coexistence - neither individual is harmed.

41
Q

What are fundamental and realised niches?

A

Both are sets of resources but fundaments are where organisms could survive and realised is the reality of how may actually survived.

42
Q

What is meant by succession?

A

The sequence of development of vegetation from sterile inorganic matter to a complex biodiverse environment.

43
Q

What is resource availability dependent upon?

A

Plant community and the stage of succession they are in / competition between different species.

44
Q

What are some advantages of migration?

A

reduces competition for resources / prevents the need to adapt to a changing environemnt/ protect vulnerable young individuals / avoids inbreeding depressions

45
Q

What are some disadvantages of migration?

A

bad weather/ lack of emergency stops/ predication/ disorientation/ final stop may not be suitable due to the ever changing nature of the world

46
Q

Give an example of a biomechanical adaptation beneficial to migration.

A

wing shape / changes which allow animals to move more successfully

47
Q

Give an example of a physiological adaptation beneficial to migration.

A

shape of the animal - to preserve energy efficiency / internal changes to improve ability to migrate

48
Q

How can we measure migration?

A

point count/ natural markings / radar /satellite tracking

49
Q

What are some solutions to humans presenting threats to ecosystems?

A

species based management (protecting one animal e.g. elephants from poaching) / community based management / ecosystem-based management (spatial planning)

50
Q

What are the main steps involved in protecting an space?

A

Creation of a proposal, involvement of consultees.

51
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

A person/ group/ organization invested in decision-making.

52
Q

What are some requirements for designated protected areas?

A

economic and cultural value

53
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

At the end point microbes organisms break down materials.

54
Q

Name some human effects on marine environments.

A

deposits of waste in environments - can be microplastics or macroplastics

55
Q

What are some solutions to reduce human impacts on marine life?

A

biodegradable plastics/ better washing machines/ high efficiency waste water filtration/ education/ recycling/ legislations

56
Q

How does human waste enter marine environments?

A

international waste disposal at sea/ accidental spillages / unintentional disposal / land and river microplastics

57
Q

What are some issues with macroplastics?

A

ingestion/ entanglement/ invasive species use plastics as a new habitat

58
Q

What are some issues with microplastics?

A

ingestion/ suffocation/ physical blockage

59
Q

What is the difference between supporting and regulating services?

A

supporting -is needed for the production of all other services where as regulating is the benefits obtained from other services

60
Q

What is meant by modern synthesis?

A

The combination of natural selection and mendelian genetic approach (understood that we inherit one allele off each parent for each trait)

61
Q

What was Mendel’s two key rules of inheritance?

A
  1. LAW OF SEGREGATION (during gamete formation, alleles separate and each offspring gets an allele from each parent) // 2. LAW OF INDERPENDENT ASSORTMENT (during prophase, alleles are sorted independently meaning an allele the gamete gets for one gene does not influence the allele the gamete gets for another gene.)
62
Q

What is quantitive genetics?

A

understanding how genes effect phenotypes// unlike mendelian traits it understands phenotypes are a result of many different genes

63
Q

Why is genetic variation important in the human population?

A

EVOLUTION / PUBLIC HRALTH/ PHSICAL TRAITS

64
Q

What is de-extinction ? Give an example.

A

Process of creating new versions of extinct species / e.g. woolly mammoth X elephant (uses wolly mammoth DNA extracted from fossils) - ethical issues

65
Q

What are radiation events?

A

ADAPTIVE radiation events - organism rapidly adapts to exploit opportunities e.g. Darwin’s finches// NON-ADAPTIVE - diversification event without ecological (environmental) change)

66
Q

Give some examples of causes of radiation events

A

ECOLOGICAL OPPOTUNITY- colonialising new habitats // ENVIROENMNTAL CAHNGES - adaptions to climate change / MAMMALIAN RADITION- occurred after the extinction of dinosaurs

67
Q

Give an example of a physiological adaption to enable migration.

A

Semipalmated sandpiper diet is 1/2 fatty acids, which is very energy rich, creating huge energy resoviour used during migration (example of energetic adaption)

68
Q

Give an example of a biochemical adaptions which enables animals to complete migration

A

Bird wings - shape is designed to fly, birds often migrate in a V to promote energy reserves

69
Q
A

Fundamental Biology 2X (7 decks)

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