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Molecules, Genes, and Cells > Genome Structure and Function > Flashcards

Genome Structure and Function Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are viruses genetically classified?

A

Based on their nucleic acid structure

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2
Q

What are the 4 genomic classifications of viruses?

A
  • ssDNA
  • dsDNA
  • positive sense ssRNA
  • negative sense ssRNA
  • dsRNA
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3
Q

What does ss stand for?

A

Single stranded

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4
Q

What does ds stand for?

A

Double stranded

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5
Q

Can positive sense ssRNA be directly translated?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Can negative sense ssRNA be directly translated?

A

No

- it must be copied producing a positive sense complementary strand which can be translated

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7
Q

What is the most widely used method for sequencing genomes?

A

Whole genome sequencing (WGS)

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8
Q

What type of sequencing WGS?

A

Shotgun sequencing

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9
Q

How does WGS work?

A
  1. DNA cut into overlapping fragments by restriction enzymes, creating a series of contiguous fragments (‘contigs’)
  2. Overlapping sequenced fragments aligned using computer programming, assembling an entire chromosomes
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic genetic material?

A
  • genes are tightly packed
  • coding sequences on both strands
  • coding sequences may overlap
  • positive correlation between genome size and number of genes
  • supercoiling leads to compaction of chromosomes
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11
Q

What is eukaryotic genetic material organised into?

A
  • circular mitochondrial chromosomes

- linear nuclear chromosomes

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12
Q

What is a telomere?

A

The ends of each chromosome

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13
Q

Which arm is shorter, q or p?

A

p

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14
Q

Which arm is the top arm, p or q

A

p

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15
Q

Describe a metacentric chromosome

A

Both arms are equal in length

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16
Q

Describe a sub-metacentric chromosome

A

The p arm is slightly shorter than the q arm

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17
Q

Describe an acrocentric chromosome

A

The p arm is much shorter than the q arm

18
Q

Describe a telocentric chromosome

A

There is no p arm just the q arm

19
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes present in humans and some other eukaryotes?

A
  • autosomes

- sex determining chromosomes

20
Q

What is C value?

A

Amount of DNA in the haploid nuclear genome

21
Q

What is satellite DNA?

A

Non-coding DNA present as multiple tandem repeats.

- the main component of centromeres and other heterochromatic regions

22
Q

What is a tandem repeat?

A

A sequence of two or more DNA base pairs that is repeated that the repeats lie adjacent to each other on the chromosome

23
Q

Name 4 repetitive elements of the genome

A
  • multiple copy genes
  • retrotransposons
  • mini-satellites (VNTRs)
  • micro-satellites (STRs)
24
Q

What are the two types of retrotransposons?

A
  • Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

- Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES)

25
Q

Define autopolyploidy

A

Multiples of the same genome

26
Q

Define allopoyploidy/amphidiploidy

A

Multiples of different genomes

27
Q

How is sex determined in humans?

A

By the presence (male) or absence (female) of SRY

28
Q

What are the two types of possible DNA damage?

A
  • exogenous

- endogenous

29
Q

What is exogenous DNA damage?

A

Damage from outside cell

30
Q

What is endogenous DNA damage?

A

Damage from inside cell

31
Q

Give 3 examples of exogenous DNA damage

A
  • ionising radiation
  • UV radiation
  • chemicals in environment
32
Q

Give 2 examples of endogenous DNA damage

A
  • chemicals produced in the cell (e.g. oxygen free radicals)

- errors during DNA metabolism

33
Q

Name the 5 types of oxidative DNA damage

A
  • base modification
  • depurination
  • deamidation
  • single strand break
  • double strand break
34
Q

Name the 4 types of DNA repair mechanisms

A
  • direct reversal
  • excision repair
  • mismatch repair (MMR)
  • double-strand break repair
35
Q

What type of DNA repair mechanism is photoreactivation (PR)?

A

Direct reversal

36
Q

What does PR do?

A

Repairs pyrimidine dimers

37
Q

Name the 2 types of excision repair

A
  • base excision repair (BER)

- nucleotide excision repair (NER)

38
Q

What do mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair do?

A

Remove damaged nucleotides and replace them using the undamaged strand as a template

39
Q

Name the 3 types of double-strand break repair

A
  • homologous recombination (HR)
  • non-homologous DNA end joint (NHEJ)
  • microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ)
40
Q

How does homologous repair work?

A

Repairs strand breaks using the homologous chromosome as a template

Molecules, Genes, and Cells (4 decks)

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