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Genetics > Genome Content (Lec 16) > Flashcards

Genome Content (Lec 16) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organization and sequence of genetic information contained within a genome is called what?

A

structural genomics

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2
Q

approximate locations of genes, relative to the location of other genes, based on the rates of recombination is called what?

A

genetic maps

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3
Q

what are the limitations of genomic maps?

A

low resolution or detail; do not correspond to physical distances between genes

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4
Q

Define contig

A

a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA

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5
Q

Define single-nucleotide polymorphisms

A

site in the genome where individual members of a species differ in a single base pair

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6
Q

The specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants observed on a chromosome is called a what?

A

haplotype

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7
Q

In regards to structural genomics determining the DNA sequences of entire genomes, the number of copies of DNA sequences (greater than 1000 bp) varies from people to people. This is referred to as?

A

copy-number variations

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8
Q

In regards to structural genomics determining the DNA sequences of entire genomes, markers associated with DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA are called what?

A

expressed-sequence tags

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9
Q

In regards to structural genomics determining the DNA sequences of entire genomes, molecular bio + computer science = ?

A

bioinformatics

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10
Q

This aspect of structural genomics may include deletions or duplications; most contain multiple genes and potentially affect the phenotype; have been found to be associated with psoriasis schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation

A

Copy-number variations

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11
Q

This aspect of structural genomics may be obtained by isolating RNA from a cell and subjecting it to reverse transcription, producing a set of cDNA fragments; cDNA fragments are sequenced and the sequence identifies the DNA fragment

A

Expressed-Sequence tags

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12
Q

How does a cDNA sequence differ from the genomic sequence?

A

no introns

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13
Q

What is the Ab initio approach of bioinformatics?

A

scans sequence looking for features usually found within a gene

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14
Q

What is the comparative approach of bioinformatics?

A

looks for similarity between a new sequence and sequences of known genes

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15
Q

Define metagenomics

A

sequencing genomes of entire communities of organism- for example, the flora of the human gut

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16
Q

Define synthetic biology

A

the creation from scratch novel organisms

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17
Q

Define functional genomics

A

characterizes what the sequences do, The Encode project

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18
Q

All the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome are called what?

A

transcriptome

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19
Q

All the proteins encoded by the genome are called what?

A

proteome

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20
Q

Genes that are evolutionary related are called what?

A

homologous

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21
Q

Homologous genes in different species that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor are called what?

A

orthologs

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22
Q

Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the same organism are called what?

A

paralogs

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23
Q

What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs?

A

orthologs are in different organisms; parallels are in the same organism

24
Q

In regards to gene expression and microarrays, using a known DNA fragment as a probe to find a complementary sequence is called what?

A

nucleic acid hybridization

25
Q

What is a reporter sequence?

A

encoding an easily observed product used to track the expression of a gene of interest

26
Q

What does a microarray consist of?

A

DNA probes fixed to a glass slide

27
Q

How can genes encoding a particular trait or function be identified?

A

mutagenesis screen

28
Q

In a mutagenesis screen, progeny with normal phenotypes are mated with wild type fish, the following progeny are ____ to reveal ____ mutations

A

backcrossed; recessive

29
Q

How do prokaryotic genomes evolve?

A

genome size and number of genes; horizontal gene transfer; function of genes

30
Q

Define horizontal gene transfer

A

exchanging genetic information from closely related distantly related species over evolutionary time

31
Q

How do eukaryotic genomes evolve?

A

genome size and number of genes; segment duplications and multilane families; noncoding DNA; transposable elements; protein diversity; homologous genes; collinearity between related genomes

32
Q

True or false?

A very low degree of homology occurs in eukaryotic genomes

A

false; tremendous degree

33
Q

Mice and humans have about ___% of their genes in common

A

99

34
Q

About 50% of genes in ___ ___ are homologous to genes in humans

A

fruit flies

35
Q

Plants have about ___% of their genes homologous to human genes

A

18

36
Q

Define colinearity

A

presence of many genes in the same order in related genomes due to evolution from a common ancestral genome

37
Q

Chromosome number in grasses ranges from __ to ___

A

4; 266

38
Q

The rice genome consists of only about ___ million bp, whereas the genome of wheat contains ___ billion bp

A

460; 17

39
Q

The ___ genome consists of 25 linkage blocks, consisting of groups of linked genes

A

rice

40
Q

What is the total average length of gene in the human genome?

A

27,000 bp

41
Q

What is the average size of coding region in the human genome?

A

1,340 bp

42
Q

What is the average number of exons per gene in the human genome?

A

8.8

43
Q

The total length of the entire human genome is how long in bp?

A

3.2 billion bp

44
Q

It was previously thought that only 25% of the DNA in the human genome was transcribed into RNA. The percentage is actually probably closer to ___%

A

80

45
Q

Less than 2% of the human genome does what?

A

encodes protein

46
Q

___ genes are often separated by vast regions of noncoding DNA, much of which consists of repeated sequences derived from ____ elements

A

Active; transposable

47
Q

The human genome does not encode substantially more protein domains, but the domains are combined in more ways to produce a relatively ___ ___

A

diverse proteome

48
Q

The human genome with approximately 24,000 genes, might encode 72,000 or more mRNAs. How is this possible?

A

because a single gene often encodes multiple proteins through alternative splicing; each gene encodes on average two or three different mRNAs

49
Q

Which three chromosomes have the highest densities?

A

17, 19, and 22

50
Q

Which chromosomes have the lowest densities?

A

X, Y, 4, 13, and 18

X,Y, brett favre, kurt warner, peyton manning

51
Q

Some proteins encoded by the human genome that are not found in other animals include those affecting what?

A

immune function; neural development; structure and function; intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways in development; hemostasis; apoptosis

52
Q

True or false?

Transposable element are much more common in the worm, plant, and fruit fly than the human genome

A

false; more common in human genome

53
Q

In one region of the X chromosome, __% of the DNA is made up of transposable elements, whereas other regions are largely devoid of these elements

A

89

54
Q

The human genome contains a variety of types of transposable elements. Name 4.

A

LINEs, SINEs, retrotransposons, and DNA transposons

note: most appear to be relatively old and are defective, containing mutations and deletions making them no longer capable of transposition

55
Q

One technique used in the determination of cellular proteins is called what?

A

mass spectrometry

56
Q

Affinity capture (interactome), protein microarrays, and structural proteomics are three techniques that are used to analyze what?

A

the complete set of proteins found in a cell

57
Q

True or false?

Protein microarrays can be used to study protein-protein interactions of thousands of proteins at once

A

true

Genetics (15 decks)

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