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biology > Genome and its function B1.1 > Flashcards

Genome and its function B1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genetic material of an organism.

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2
Q

How is the structure of DNA related to its function?

A

DNA’s compact double helix structure allows it to store genetic information efficiently, which can be replicated and transmitted to offspring.

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3
Q

Define a gene:

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a trait/protein.

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4
Q

Define allele:

A

A variant of a gene.

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5
Q

Define chromosome:

A

Structure that organises and is made of DNA (which carries genetic information), which is found in the nucleus.

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6
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the physical expression of those genes.

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7
Q

How do genetic variants arise?

A

Genetic variants primarily arise through mutations which are changes in the DNA sequence.

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8
Q

What are the types of genetic variants?

A

Genetic variants can be coding and non-coding.

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9
Q

What do the two types of genetic variants do?

A

Coding variants affect the part of DNA that directly code for proteins and can change the structure or function of a protein. Non coding variants occur in DNA regions that do not code for proteins but can still influence traits by affecting when, where, or how genes are expressed.

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10
Q

What are the three main types of genetic mutations and what are their effects?

A

Substitution: One base in the DNA sequence is swapped for another, which may change a single amino acid in a protein.
Insertion: An extra base is added to the DNA sequence, which can shift the way the sequence is divided, and alter many amino acids in the protein.
Deletion: A base is removed from the DNA sequence, which also shifts the way the sequence is divided and can affect multiple amino acids in the protein.

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

A molecule that carries genetic information.

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12
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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13
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

.A, C, T, G

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14
Q

How do nitrogenous bases pair with DNA?

A

A pairs with T, C pairs with G.

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15
Q

What is the sugar in DNA nucleotides called?

A

Deoxyribose.

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16
Q

How are the phosphate groups and sugars of adjacent nucleotides connected?

A

By DNA’s sugar-phosphate backbone.

17
Q

What does the double helix structure of DNA consist of?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous base pairs in the centre.

18
Q

How many bases code for a protein?

A

Three.

AKA codons.

19
Q

How is the sequence of bases in DNA used to code for proteins?

A

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein, which is read in groups of three bases called codons.

20
Q

What is a codon?

(or “triplets”)

A

A codon is a sequence of three nitrogenous bases in DNA (or RNA) that codes for a specific amino acid.

21
Q

How many bases are required to code for one amino acid?

A

Three bases (a codon) codes for one amino acid.

22
Q

What happens during transcription in protein synthesis?

A

A complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) strand is made based on the DNA sequence, using RNA bases (A,U,C,G). The mRNA carried the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

23
Q

What happens during translation in protein synthesis?

A

The mRNA is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the corresponding amino acids based on the mRNA codons, linkng them together to form a protein.

24
Q

What is a stop codon?

A

A stop codon is a sequence of three bases in MRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis.

25
Q

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell’s genetic material?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains their genetic material (DNA). Prokaryotic cells have free-floating DNA in the cytoplasm, not enclosed in a nucleus.

26
Q

What are the stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation.

biology (19 decks)

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