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Genocide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the serious category of criminal human rights abuse?

A

Crimes Against Humanity

Different than domestic crimes by virtue of ‘mass nature’.

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2
Q

What must be shown for a crime to qualify as a crime against humanity under international law?

A

The targeted groups must be shown to be targeted because of their status as a group.

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3
Q

What belief do many who commit crimes against humanity hold?

A

They believe it is in their national interest.

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4
Q

How is ‘mass nature’ defined in the context of crimes against humanity?

A

By a large number of victims and/or a systematic state policy.

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5
Q

What leads to crimes against humanity?

A

Ultranationalism leads to racism, which is the first step toward inhuman treatment.

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6
Q

What are the initial steps in the development of crimes against humanity?

A

Segregating people, blaming the target for societal wrongs, destruction of culture, deportation, or mass murder.

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7
Q

What are some types of abuses classified as crimes against humanity?

A

Murder and extermination, imprisonment without due process, enslavement and forced labor, torture, deportation, rape.

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8
Q

What are examples of ‘inhuman acts’?

A

Medical experimentation, mutilation, food deprivation, sterilization, etc.

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9
Q

What constitutes persecution in the context of human rights abuses?

A

Removal of children from school, forced wearing of distinctive clothing, closure of religious institutions, banning of religious leaders.

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10
Q

What are property crimes in the context of human rights abuses?

A

Destruction and stealing of private property (e.g. homes, cars) or cultural property (e.g. mosques, holy books).

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11
Q

What are crimes against humanity?

A

Widespread or systematic attacks on civilian populations including murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape.

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12
Q

What are war crimes?

A

Willful killing, torture, or inhuman treatment, causing great suffering, or attacks against civilian populations or those involved with humanitarianism or peacekeeping.

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13
Q

What is the crime of aggression?

A

Use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty, integrity, or independence of another state.

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14
Q

What is genocide?

A

Killing of members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, causing bodily or mental harm, and inflicting on the group a life of physical destruction.

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15
Q

What is the first stage of genocide?

A

Classification: Distinguishing between nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Dividing society into ‘us’ versus ‘them.

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16
Q

What is the second stage of genocide?

A

Symbolization: Use of symbols, language, names, or uniforms to show identification with a certain group (Nazi Swastika or the Star of David).

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17
Q

What is the third stage of genocide?

A

Discrimination: Laws, customs, and political power deny rights to a specific group. Potential loss of citizenship and civil rights.

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18
Q

What is the fourth stage of genocide?

A

Dehumanization: Making the target group seem subhuman. Target groups are vermin, rats, disease, etc. Desensitizes humans to murder against the target group.

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19
Q

What is the fifth stage of genocide?

A

Organization: State plans, organizes, arms, and financially supports those who will commit the genocide.

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20
Q

What is the sixth stage of genocide?

A

Polarization: Further dividing the target group from the rest of society. Laws passed against the target group. Propaganda is used to spread hate.

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21
Q

What is the seventh stage of genocide?

A

Preparation: State further plans extermination. Uses euphemisms to hide intent (ethnic cleansing, purification). Builds armies, buys weapons, trains soldiers and militia.

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22
Q

What is the eighth stage of genocide?

A

Persecution: Death lists are created. Target group are forced to wear identifying symbols and are separated from society (ghettos). Death camps are created, and weapons stockpiled.

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23
Q

What is the ninth stage of genocide?

A

Extermination: Murder is committed against the target group.

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24
Q

What is the tenth stage of genocide?

A

Denial: Claiming the genocide has not or is not occurring. Directly blame on the target group, deny the evidence of genocide, and deny the intent of genocide.

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25
Q

What was established after WWII to prosecute crimes against humanity?

A

After WWII, the Allies set up military tribunals to try German and Japanese individuals for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

26
Q

What is the role of the United Nations regarding crimes against humanity?

A

The United Nations has had use to accommodate all requests of.

27
Q

What are the first 1-8 steps of Genocide referred to as?

A

Early warning phase

28
Q

What is the last 2 stages of Genocide called?

A

Implementation phase

29
Q

What is in countries’ interest regarding crimes against humanity?

A

It is in countries’ interest to end crimes against humanity.

30
Q

What did the Allies set up after WWII?

A

The Allies set up military tribunals to try German and Japanese individuals for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

31
Q

What challenges has the United Nations faced?

A

The United Nations has had difficulty trying to accommodate all requests of its member nations and has been criticized for not acting fast enough in cases of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

32
Q

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

A

The Nuremberg Trials were held in 1946 to prosecute major war criminals.

33
Q

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

A

The ICC was formed in 2002 to try and judge cases of those accused of crimes against humanity.

34
Q

Under what condition does the ICC hear cases?

A

The ICC only hears cases if no fair trials have occurred.

35
Q

How many countries have ratified the ICC?

A

123 countries have signed on (ratified) to the ICC.

36
Q

Which major states have not signed the ICC?

A

Many states, like the United States, Russia, and China, have not signed on due to fears over interfering with sovereignty.

37
Q

How does the ICC operate in relation to the UN?

A

The ICC is sponsored by the UN but mostly acts independently.

38
Q

What power does the UN Security Council have over the ICC?

A

The UN Security Council can force the ICC to investigate cases or suspend ongoing cases.

39
Q

Who are considered heroes during crimes against humanity?

A

Individuals who risk their own lives to protect those who are facing persecution are considered heroes.

40
Q

Who is Paul Rusesabagina?

A

Paul Rusesabagina sheltered Tutsis and moderate Hutus during the Rwanda Genocide (1994) in the hotel he managed.

41
Q

What choice did Paul Rusesabagina make during the genocide?

A

Though he could flee the genocide, he chose to stay and was able to shelter approximately 1,200 people.

42
Q

Who was Feng Shan Ho?

A

Chinese consul to Vienna, Austria.

43
Q

What did Feng Shan Ho do during the Nazi occupation in 1938?

A

Helped secure work visas for Jews so they could leave to Shanghai.

44
Q

Why were visas important for Jews during the Nazi occupation?

A

Nazis required these visas for any Jew to leave.

45
Q

What happened when Feng Shan Ho was told to stop issuing visas?

A

He continued until he lost his job.

46
Q

How many Jews did Feng Shan Ho help escape Austria?

A

Responsible for allowing 18,000 Jews to escape Austria.

47
Q

Who was Oskar Schindler?

A

A member and Nazi spy during the Nazi occupation of Poland.

48
Q

What type of factory did Oskar Schindler run?

A

A munitions and enamel factory to profit off the Nazis.

49
Q

How many Jews did Oskar Schindler employ as laborers?

A

Employed 1,200 Jews as laborers.

50
Q

What did Oskar Schindler do when the Nazis emptied the ghettos?

A

Protected those workers in his factory.

51
Q

What methods did Oskar Schindler use to save Jews?

A

Lying, using bribes, and spending his own fortune.

52
Q

How many people did Oskar Schindler manage to save from death camps?

A

Managed to save a thousand people already at death camps.

53
Q

Who are individuals that govern democratic and non-democratic communities and nations?

A

Individuals making decisions to gain benefits for themselves or their nation.

54
Q

What are interests in governance?

A

Interests are not static as they change based on situations occurring both in and out of a nation or state.

55
Q

What are the main focuses of governance?

A

Economic prosperity, security and safety, and beliefs and values.

56
Q

What is economic prosperity?

A

Providing stable employment and a decent standard of living

Economic prosperity typically involves the overall financial health of a community or nation, often reflected in its ability to provide jobs and a quality life for its citizens.

57
Q

What factors are included in economic prosperity?

A

Trade treaties and workplace legislation

Trade treaties can enhance economic growth by facilitating international commerce, while workplace legislation ensures fair labor practices and worker rights.

58
Q

What is the primary focus of Security and Safety?

A

Maintaining national security and physical protection

This encompasses measures taken to protect a nation’s citizens and territory.

59
Q

What are peacekeeping forces?

A

Armed forces that maintain peace by remaining neutral and keeping enemies apart

Peacekeeping aims to prevent conflict escalation and promote stability.

60
Q

Who originated the concept of peacekeeping?

A

Canadian Lester B. Pearson

Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his role in establishing the first United Nations peacekeeping force.

61
Q

What does interventionism refer to?

A

Soldiers use force for reasons other than self-defense

This can include humanitarian interventions, military actions, or political objectives.

62
Q

What are beliefs and values?

A

Affirming and protecting citizens beliefs, values, and culture.

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