GenLogic

Question 1

How is logic a metalanguage?

Answer 1

When we reason, we think about the things we reason about. But with logic, we reason about how we reason about the things we reason about. So, with logic we explain and evaluate how we’ve reasoned

Question 2

Define argument, for the purposes of logic

Answer 2

A group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises

Question 3

What does it mean to say an argument is inductively strong?

Answer 3

succeeds in providing probable, but not conclusive, support for its conclusion.

Question 4

What does it mean to say an argument is inductively cogent?

Answer 4

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true

Question 5

Give two examples of premise indicators.

Answer 5

Because and Since

Question 6

Give two examples of conclusion indicators.

Answer 6

So and Therefore

Question 7

What does it mean to say an argument is deductively valid?

Answer 7

An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Question 8

Give an example of a deductively valid, but unsound argument.

Answer 8

Premise 1: All birds can swim.
Premise 2: Penguins are birds.
Conclusion: Therefore, penguins can swim.

Question 9

What does it mean to say an argument is deductively sound?

Answer 9

a deductive argument is sound when the argument is valid and all the premises are true

Question 10

What is it for an argument to have a logical form?

Answer 10

The logical form of an argument is the structure or pattern that the argument follows, and it is often represented symbolically or diagrammatically. Logical form allows us to see the logical relationships between the premises and conclusion of an argument, abstracting away from the specific details of the argument’s content.

Question 11

How do counterexamples show deductive invalidity?

Answer 11

Since counterexamples have true inputs and false outputs, they show invalidity. Validity is when premises are true and the conclusion is true.

Question 12

Give an invalid argument, show it is invalid with a counterexample.

Answer 12

Premise - All T are P
Conclusion - All P are T

Counterexample is diagram of both

Question 13

Of the three questions to ask about argument success, what is the question of rhetorical success?

Answer 13

The question of rhetorical success in evaluating an argument is whether the argument is persuasive or effective in convincing the audience to accept the conclusion.

Question 14

Of the three questions to ask about argument success, what is the question of logical success?

Answer 14

The question of logical success in evaluating an argument is whether the argument follows valid reasoning or logical principles. Logical success is concerned with the structure of the argument, including the relationship between the premises and the conclusion. To determine logical success, one needs to assess whether the premises are true, whether the reasoning is valid, and whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

Question 15

Of the three questions to ask about argument success, what is the question of material success?

Answer 15

The question of material success in evaluating an argument is whether the premises of the argument are true or well-supported.

Question 16

What is the notion of semantic validity in a logic?

Answer 16

The notion of semantic validity in logic is concerned with the relationship between the premises and the conclusion in terms of their truth values, rather than the form or structure of the argument.

Question 17

What is the notion of syntactic validity in a logic?

Answer 17

The notion of syntactic validity in logic refers to whether an argument is valid based on the form or structure of the argument, rather than the meanings of the terms used in the argument.

Question 18

Explain the following sentence: for classical logics, syntactic validity depends on the semantic validity of the rules.

Answer 18

Means that in classical logic, the rules of inference that are used to determine the syntactic validity of an argument are themselves semantically valid. This means that the truth-preserving rules of inference in classical logic are based on the truth values of the premises and the conclusion.

Question 19

Explain the following sentence: We must choose the logic to use to evaluate arguments depending on the kind of
reasoning in the argument

Answer 19

This means that the choice of logic to use in evaluating an argument depends on the type of reasoning or inference used in the argument. Different types of reasoning require different logics to evaluate them properly, and selecting the appropriate logic is important for accurately assessing the validity of an argument. For example, propositional logic may be used to evaluate statements that are composed of logical connectives such as “and,” “or,” and “not,” while categorical logic may be used to evaluate statements that involve quantifiers such as “all” or “some.”

Question 20

Explain the following sentence: What is evaluated as valid in categorical logic will not be evaluated as valid in
propositional logic.

Answer 20

Means that there are differences in the rules of inference and logical structure between categorical logic and propositional logic, such that an argument that is valid in one logic may not be valid in the other.

Categorical logic deals with relationships between categories or classes, and uses statements that contain terms such as “all,” “some,” or “no” to make claims about the relationships between these categories. Categorical logic has its own set of rules of inference and logical structure that are used to evaluate arguments.

Propositional logic, on the other hand, deals with propositions or statements, and uses logical connectives such as “and,” “or,” and “not” to construct complex propositions from simpler ones. Propositional logic also has its own set of rules of inference and logical structure that are used to evaluate arguments.