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BRS 12 Urology and renal > Genitourinary Systems > Flashcards

Genitourinary Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A 
Excretion of metabolic products
Excretion of foreign substances
Homeostasis of body fluids, acid-base balance and electrolytes
Control of blood pressure
Secretes hormones
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2
Q

What metabolic products does the kidney excrete?

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine

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3
Q

What foreign substances does the kidneys excrete?

A

Drugs

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4
Q

What hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

Erythropoietin, Renin

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5
Q

Why does the medulla have a striated appearance?

A

Due to the loops of Henle extending into the medulla

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6
Q

Why does the cortex of the kidney have a granular appearance?

A

Due to other components of the nephron other than the loops of Henle

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7
Q

Label this

A
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8
Q

Describe the blood vessels which blood passes into the kidney and out the kidney by?

A
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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of peritubular capillaries?

A
  1. Provide oxygen and nutrients to nephron
  2. Reabsorption of substances along nephron into circulatory system
  3. Secretion of substances into tubular fluid
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10
Q

After the bowmans capsule, describe the passage of the urine?

A 
Filtrate into the Proximal Convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
- Thin Descending loop of Henle
- Thin Ascending loop of Henle
- Thick Ascending loop of Henle

The Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the detrusor muscle?

A

To contract and build pressure in the urinary bladder to support urination

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12
Q

Where is the trigone found?

A

At the base of the bladder, near the ureteric opening

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13
Q

What does the trigone do?

A

Stretching of the triangular region of the trigone signals the brain about the need for urination

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14
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival

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15
Q

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle

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16
Q

What type of control is the internal sphincter under?

A

Involuntary control

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17
Q

What type of control is the external sphincter under?

A

voluntary control

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18
Q

What type of muscle is the external sphincter?

A

Striated muscle

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19
Q

Where is the external sphincter muscle found?

A

Surrounding the urethra

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20
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the collecting duct?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

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21
Q

Which areas of the nephron are rich in mitochondria and what does this mean?

A

PCT
Thick ascending LOH
DCT
Intercalated cells of collecting duct

Due to active transport of substances

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22
Q

Which areas of the nephron have a low density of mitochondria and what does this mean?

A

Thin ascending and descending LOH
Principal cells of collecting duct

Due to passive reabsorption of substances

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23
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons

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24
Q

What is the difference between the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Superficial - loop of Henle only extends into the outer medulla, not inner

Juxtamedullary - loop of Henle extends further into the inner medulla, and the glomeruli lie closer to the border between the medulla and the cortex

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25
Q

What is the ratio of superficial to juxtaglomerular?

A

10:1

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26
Q

What are the constituents of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
Juxtaglomerular cells

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27
Q

Where is the macula densa found?

A

In the distal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

Where are the juxtaglomerular cells found?

A

In the afferent arteriole

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29
Q

Which cells are involved in renin secretion?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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30
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism

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31
Q

What are the four renal processes which can occur?

A

Glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

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32
Q

What is meant by glomerular filtration being a passive process?

A

Fluid is ‘driven’ through the semipermeable glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule space by the hydrostatic pressure of the heart.

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33
Q

What is the filtration barrier dependant on?

A

Size and charge of the molecules

34
Q

What is the filtration barrier permeable to?

A

Fluids and small solutes

35
Q

What is the filtration barrier impermeable to?

A

Cell and Proteins

36
Q

What type of capillary endothelium is present in the glomeruli?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

37
Q

What is the diameter of the fenestrae in the glomeruli? And what can pass through?

A

70nm - water, ions, and small proteins

38
Q

Which charged molecules cannot pass through the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

negatively charged proteins

39
Q

What is the effect of inflammation on the filtration barrier?

A

Damages it as it becomes leaky - sometimes blood can pass into the filtrate making urine have blood in it

40
Q

What are the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule called?

A

Epithelial podocytes

41
Q

What can pass through the slit diaphragm?

A

Thin and porous so water and small solutes can pass

42
Q

What does the hydrostatic pressure of the blood do?

A

Fluid exerts pressure and pushes solutes and fluid out the capillaries into the urine

43
Q

What does the hydrostatic pressure of the IF do?

A

Pushes solute and molecules out IF and into the blood

44
Q

What does the oncotic pressure of the blood do?

A

Solute (e.g. proteins) exert pressure and fluid molecules are pulled in from the IF into the blood across a semi-permeable membrane

45
Q

What is the formula for the net ultrafltration pressure?

A

Puf = HPblood - HPinterstitial fluid - OPblood

HPblood = Hydrostatic pressure of the blood / glomerular capillaries

HPinterstitial = Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid of the Bowmans Capsule

OPblood = Oncotic pressure of the blood / glomerular capillaries

46
Q

What is the definition of the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

The amount of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the bowmans capsule per unit of time (ml/min) - it is the sun of filtration rate across all functioning capillaries

47
Q

what is Kf?

A

The ultrafiltration coefficient - calculated from the membrane permeability and the surface area available for filtration

48
Q

What is the formula for GFR?

A

GFR = Puf x Kf

Glomerular Filtration Rate = Net Ultrafiltration Pressure x Ultrafiltration coefficient

49
Q

What is the healthy range for GFR is women?

A

80-125ml/min

50
Q

What is the healthy range for GFR in men?

A

90-140mL/min

51
Q

What is the cardinal feature of renal disease?

A

A fall in GFR, with a buildup of excretory products in the plasma

52
Q

Describe the myogenic mechanism for regulation of GFR?

A
  1. Arterial pressure increases, increasing GFR
  2. Increases afferent arteriolar blood pressure
  3. Increased stretch on arteriole and artery walls
  4. Detected by myogenic stretch receptors
  5. Increased Ca2+ influx
  6. Results in more contraction of the blood vessels
  7. Increased resistance in the blood vessels and reduced flow
  8. GFR is brought back to normal
53
Q

Describe how an increase in GFR is counter-acted by the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A
  1. Increase in GFR
  2. Increased NaCl in Loop of Henle
  3. Change detected by Macula Densa
  4. Increased ATP and Adenosine discharged
  5. Afferent arteriole contracts
  6. Less Blood Flow
  7. GFR Reduced and therefore brought back to normal
54
Q

What is the definition of renal clearance?

A

The number of litres of plasma that is completely cleared of the substance x per unit of time

55
Q

What is renal clearance only concerned with?

A

The excretory role played by the kidney

56
Q

what is the formula for renal clearance of substance x?

A

Renal Clearance x = (Urine concentration of x * Urine Flow Rate ) / Plasma concentration of x

57
Q

What is meant by freely filtered?

A

The concentration in the plasma is the same as the concentration in the urine

58
Q

What is the ideal molecule for the practical determination of GFR?

A

Inulin

59
Q

What is the most commonly used molecule in the practical determination of GFR?

A

Creatinine

60
Q

Why is inulin not used in practise for the determination of GFR?

A

It is a plant polysaccharide and therefore is not found in mammals and hence has to be infused

61
Q

GFR = Renal Clearance for which molecules?

A

Inulin and Creatinine

62
Q

Why does the renal clearance of inulin = the GFR?

A

Inulin is freely filtered and is neither reabsorbed nor secreted - so the amount filtered = the amount excreted

63
Q

What 5 properties of inulin make it the ideal molecule for GFR determination?

A
  1. Freely filtered
  2. Neither secreted or reabsorbed in the nephron
  3. Non-Toxic
  4. Measureable in Plasma
  5. Measureable in Urine
64
Q

Why is creatinine used instead of inulin?

A

Creatinine is a waste product from creatine in muscle metabolism, and the amount of creatinine released remains fairly stable

65
Q

What are stable levels of creatinine indicative of?

A

Stable renal function

66
Q

What might indicate renal failure?

A

Low creatinine clearance or high plasma creatine may indicate renal failure.

67
Q

Why is creatinine not the perfect molecule?

A

It is freely filtered and not reabsorbed but a small amount is secreted into the nephron therefore its not a perfect molecule. However, the process for estimating creatinine in blood and urine can account for that to allow for GFR calculations.

68
Q

What is the renal plasma flow?

A

The volume of urine arriving at the kidneys per unit of time

69
Q

For what molecule does the renal clearance = the renal plasma flow?

A

PAH = Paraaminohippurate

70
Q

What is the formula for Filtration Fraction?

A

FF = GFR / RPF

RPF = renal plasma flow

71
Q

Why is PAH used as a reference molecule for renal plasma flow?

A

As it is completely removed from the plasma passing through the kidney via glomerular filtration and secretion into the tubule

72
Q

What are the units for GFR?

A

ml/Minute

73
Q

If the urine concentration of substance x is high, and therefore plasma conc low, what does this say about its renal clearance?

A

This results in a high renal clearance as a lot of plasma is being cleared of the molecule per unit of time - reflected in the high urine conc

74
Q

What can you say about a molecule which has a clearance ratio of 1?

A

Must be freely filteres

75
Q

Renal clearance of PAH = ?

A

Renal Plasma Flow

76
Q

RPF x Plasma Conc of PAH =?

A

Urine conc of PAH x Urine flow rate

77
Q

What is the standard range for the Filtration Fraction?

A

15-20%

78
Q

Why is inulin not useful practically?

A
  • it is time-consuming
  • requires several blood samples
  • because of the short duration over which measurements are usually made requires bladder catheterisation
79
Q

Why is inulin not given orally when measuring inulin clearance?

A

Might be digested as it is a plant polysaccharide

80
Q

What are the 3 functions of peritubular capillaries?

A
  1. Provide oxygen and nutrients to nephron
  2. Reabsorption of substances along nephron into circulatory system
  3. Secretion of substances into tubular fluid

BRS 12 Urology and renal (11 decks)

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