Genitourinary

Question 1

What are the causes of dysuria?

Answer 1

Uralgia (painful micturition)- prostatitis, STI, vulvulitis, vaginitis, stones, lesions
Difficulty voiding bladder- stones, prostatitis, catheters, bladder neoplasia

Question 2

What are the causes for increased frequency of urine?

Answer 2

Diabetes, polydypsia, diuretics, alcohol, renal tubular disease

Question 3

What can cause frequent passage of small amounts of urine?

Answer 3

Cystitis, urethritis, neurogenic bladder

Question 4

What are the causes of bladder compression?

Answer 4

Pregnancy, enlarged prostate, bladder tumour

Question 5

What is oligouria and what are the causes?

Answer 5

<400ml/24 hr urine output
Shock
Acute kidney injury

Question 6

What are the causes of anuria?

Answer 6

Renal dysfunction

Question 7

What are the causes of polyuria?

Answer 7

IV excess
Polydypsia
Diabetes
Polyuria phase of recovering from tubular necrosis

Question 8

What are irritative bladder symptoms?

Answer 8

Increased frequency, incomplete emptying, nocturia, dysuria, urgency

Question 9

What are obstructive bladder symptoms?

Answer 9

Hesitancy, incomplete emptying, terminal dribbling, reduced size and force of urinary stream

Question 10

What are the presenting complaints for the genitourinary system?

Answer 10

Dysuria, oligouria and polyuria
Sex problems
Urethral/vaginal discharge
Lower urinary tract symptoms, renal pain
Haematuria, proteinuria
Menses
CKD, AKI
Silence

Question 11

What are the signs of UTIs?

Answer 11

Fever, abdominal/loin pain, prostate enlargement, bladder distension, foul smelling urine

Question 12

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 12

Frequency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, haematuria, urgency

Question 13

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

Answer 13

Flu like symptoms, few urinary symptoms, enlarged prostate on pr

Question 14

What are the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

Answer 14

High fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain and tenderness, oligouria

Question 15

What are the risk factors for UTIs?

Answer 15

Being a lady, pregnancy, sexual inter course, exposure to spermicide, menopause, immunocompromise, stones, catheters, urinary obstruction, malformation

Question 16

What are the four most common pathogens that cause UTIs?

Answer 16

E. coli, klepsiella pneumonia, staphylococcus saprophyticus, proteus mirabilis

Question 17

What is the diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injuries?

Answer 17

• Rise in creatinine >26μmol/L in 48hrs
• Rise in creatinine >1.5 ≈ baseline (best figure in last 3/12) • Urine output <0.5mL/kg/h for >6 consecutive hours.

Question 18

What are the risk factors for developing AKIs?

Answer 18

Age, DM, HF, drugs, chronic kidney disease, history of urinary problem, sepsis, chronic liver disease, poor fluid intake

Question 19

What are the pre renal clauses for AKI?

Answer 19

Sepsis, hypovolemia, renal artery stenosis with ace inhibitors

Question 20

What are the renal causes of AKIs?

Answer 20

Tubular: acute tubular necrosis due to drugs or contrast media,
Glomerular: autoimmune stuff like SLE, drugs, glomerulonephritis
Interstitial: drugs, interstitial infiltration (lymphoma and stuff)
Vascular: vasculitis, malignant Bp, cholesterol and thromboemboli, large vessel occlusion

Question 21

What are the post renal causes of AKIs?

Answer 21

Luminal: clots, stones, sloughened papillae
Mural: malignancy, bph, strictures
Extrinsic: malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis

Question 22

What are the complications of AKIs?

Answer 22

Hyperkalaemia
Uremia
Acidaemia
Pulmonary oedema

Question 23

What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 23

Impaired renal function for >3 months based on abnormal structure or function, or GFR <60mL/min/1.73m2 for >3 months with or without evidence of kidney damage

Question 24

What can be seen in an examination of a patient with CKD?

Answer 24

Pallor, uraemic skin, purpura, ballotable poly cystic kidneys, raised Bp, cardiomegaly, excortriations

Question 25

What are the caused of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 25

Glomerulonephritis
Hypertension, renovascular disease
Diabetes
Polynephritis or reflux neuropathy

Question 26

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 26

Benign nodular or diffuse proliferation of glandular or muscular fibrotic layers of the prostate

Question 27

What is the difference between BPH and prostate cancer?

Answer 27

Interstitial layer of prostate expands instead of peripheral layer in prostate carcinoma

Question 28

What are the clinical features of BPH?

Answer 28

Nocturia, urgency, post urethral dribbling, overflow incontinence, haematuria, frequency, UTI, bladder stones, hesitancy