Genitourinary Flashcards
What are the causes of dysuria?
Uralgia (painful micturition)- prostatitis, STI, vulvulitis, vaginitis, stones, lesions
Difficulty voiding bladder- stones, prostatitis, catheters, bladder neoplasia
What are the causes for increased frequency of urine?
Diabetes, polydypsia, diuretics, alcohol, renal tubular disease
What can cause frequent passage of small amounts of urine?
Cystitis, urethritis, neurogenic bladder
What are the causes of bladder compression?
Pregnancy, enlarged prostate, bladder tumour
What is oligouria and what are the causes?
<400ml/24 hr urine output
Shock
Acute kidney injury
What are the causes of anuria?
Renal dysfunction
What are the causes of polyuria?
IV excess
Polydypsia
Diabetes
Polyuria phase of recovering from tubular necrosis
What are irritative bladder symptoms?
Increased frequency, incomplete emptying, nocturia, dysuria, urgency
What are obstructive bladder symptoms?
Hesitancy, incomplete emptying, terminal dribbling, reduced size and force of urinary stream
What are the presenting complaints for the genitourinary system?
Dysuria, oligouria and polyuria Sex problems Urethral/vaginal discharge Lower urinary tract symptoms, renal pain Haematuria, proteinuria Menses CKD, AKI Silence
What are the signs of UTIs?
Fever, abdominal/loin pain, prostate enlargement, bladder distension, foul smelling urine
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
Frequency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, haematuria, urgency
What are the symptoms of prostatitis?
Flu like symptoms, few urinary symptoms, enlarged prostate on pr
What are the symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?
High fever, rigors, vomiting, loin pain and tenderness, oligouria
What are the risk factors for UTIs?
Being a lady, pregnancy, sexual inter course, exposure to spermicide, menopause, immunocompromise, stones, catheters, urinary obstruction, malformation
What are the four most common pathogens that cause UTIs?
E. coli, klepsiella pneumonia, staphylococcus saprophyticus, proteus mirabilis
What is the diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injuries?
• Rise in creatinine >26μmol/L in 48hrs
• Rise in creatinine >1.5 ≈ baseline (best figure in last 3/12) • Urine output <0.5mL/kg/h for >6 consecutive hours.
What are the risk factors for developing AKIs?
Age, DM, HF, drugs, chronic kidney disease, history of urinary problem, sepsis, chronic liver disease, poor fluid intake
What are the pre renal clauses for AKI?
Sepsis, hypovolemia, renal artery stenosis with ace inhibitors
What are the renal causes of AKIs?
Tubular: acute tubular necrosis due to drugs or contrast media,
Glomerular: autoimmune stuff like SLE, drugs, glomerulonephritis
Interstitial: drugs, interstitial infiltration (lymphoma and stuff)
Vascular: vasculitis, malignant Bp, cholesterol and thromboemboli, large vessel occlusion
What are the post renal causes of AKIs?
Luminal: clots, stones, sloughened papillae
Mural: malignancy, bph, strictures
Extrinsic: malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis
What are the complications of AKIs?
Hyperkalaemia
Uremia
Acidaemia
Pulmonary oedema
What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?
Impaired renal function for >3 months based on abnormal structure or function, or GFR <60mL/min/1.73m2 for >3 months with or without evidence of kidney damage
What can be seen in an examination of a patient with CKD?
Pallor, uraemic skin, purpura, ballotable poly cystic kidneys, raised Bp, cardiomegaly, excortriations
