Endocrine Flashcards
What can be seen in patients with hypothyroidism?
Hair loss, eyebrow loss, toad face, paleness, depression, dry hair, cold feet
What is the clinical presentation of Cushing’s syndrome?
Moonface, muscle wasting, buffalo hump, lemon of sticks appearance
What can be seen in patients with Addison’s disease?
Hyperpigmentation
What can be seen in patients with acromegaly?
Overgrowth of soft tissue, hands, and feet and jaw
What can be seen in patients with hyperandrogenism?
Hirturtism, temporal balding, acne
What can be seen in patients with hypopituitarism?
Yellowing of skin, thinning of skin, patients look older
What can be seen in patients with thyrotoxicosis?
Hair loss, pretibial myxedema, oncholysis, bulging eyes
When does type 1 diabetes present?
Usually at adolescents, but can be at any age
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
How does type 2 diabetes present?
Increased prevalence in Asians, usually at 40
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Reduced insulin secretion with increased insulin resistance
What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes a?
Obesity, lack of exercise, calorie and food excess
What are some other causes of DM?
Steroids, pancreatic obstruction, cancer, pancreatitis, pancreatic surgery, trauma, Cushing’s, acromegaly, glycogen storage, congenital, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
What is the definition of hypoglycaemia?
Fasting glucose less than 3mmol/l
What are the signs and symptoms of a hypo?
Sweating, clamminess, anxiety, tremor, hunter, drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, coma, seizures
What are the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis?
Diarrhoea; weightloss, appetite gain (if , paradoxical weight gain in 10%); over-active; sweats; heat intolerance; palpitations; tremor; irritability; labile emotions; oligomenorrhoea ±infertility. Rarely psychosis; chorea; panic; itch; alopecia; urticaria.
What are the signs of thyrotoxicosis?
Pulse fast/irregular (AF or SVT; VT rare); warm moist skin; fine tremor; palmar erythema; thin hair; lid lag (fig 1; eyelid lags behind eye’s descent as patient watches your finger descend slowly); lid retraction (exposure of sclera above iris; causing ‘stare’). There may be goitre (fig 2); thyroid nodules; or bruit depending on the cause.
What are the symptoms of grave’s disease?
Eye swelling, pretibial myxedema, thyroid atrophy
What is the typical Graves patient?
Female, aged 40-60
What causes Graves?
circulating IgG autoantibodies binding to and activating G-protein-coupled thyrotropin receptors, which cause smooth thyroid enlargement and hormone production (esp. T3), and react with orbital autoantigens.
What can trigger Graves?
stress; infection; childbirth.
Name 4 other causes of thyrotoxicosis
Toxic multinodular goitre:
• Toxic adenoma:
• Ectopic thyroid tissue:
• Exogenous: Iodine excess, eg food contamination, contrast media
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Tired; sleepy, lethargic; mood; cold-disliking; weight; constipation; men- orrhagia; hoarse voice; memory/cognition; dementia; myalgia; cramps; weakness.
Apart from BRADYCARDIA what are the signs of hypothyroidism?
BRADYCARDIC; reflexes relax slowly; ataxia (cerebellar); dry thin hair/skin; yawning/drowsy/coma (p844); cold hands ± T°; ascites ± non-pitting oedema (lids; hands; feet) ± pericardial or pleural effusion; round puffy face/double chin/obese; de- feated demeanour; immobile ± ileus; CCF.e
