Genitourinary

Question 1

Malignancies that cause increased erythropoietin (4)?

Answer 1

Renal Cell Carcinoma, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Pheochromocytoma, Hemanigioblastoma

Question 2

Two drugs that can help prevent fluid accumulation in polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 2

Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists and Amiloride (other K+ sparing diuretic)

Question 3

Name 5 types of renal stones

Answer 3

Calcium oxalate (78%), Calcium Phosphate (8%), Cystine (1%), Struvite (12%), Uric Acid (7%)

Question 4

Which renal stones can form staghorn caliculi?

Answer 4

Struvite, Cystine

Question 5

Which renal stone is radiolucent and not radiopaque like the rest?

Answer 5

Uric Acid

Question 6

Name 5 diuretics

Answer 6

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, K+ sparing, Loops, Osmotic Agents. Thiazides

Question 7

Which diuretics has sulfa

Answer 7

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Loops, Thiazides

Question 8

Which one of the loops does not contain sulfa?

Answer 8

Ethacrynic Acid

Question 9

Difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 9

The absence (nephritic) or presence (nephrotic) of proteinuria >3.5g/day. 
Nephritic=acute heamturia and proteinuria 
Nephrotic=proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia

Question 10

Casts seen in Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)

Answer 10

granular or epithelial casts

Question 11

Tetrad of AIN

Answer 11

Fever, rash, eosinophilia, increased creatinine

Question 12

Difference between AIN, ATN, and renal papillary necrosis

Answer 12

AIN: damage of renal tubules or parenchyma
ATN: progressive damage of renal tubules
RPN: ischemic necrosis of renal parenchyma