Genital Pathology Non-Pregnant Female Flashcards
1
Q
5 main objectives
A
- ascending generally in both
2
Q
A
- Haemotogenous is much more important in pregnant animals!
- From ovary and transneural are quite rare
3
Q
Defense Mechanisms
(Innate and Adaptive Immunity)
A
- uterus needs to be clean and sterile for foetal growth
- but also needs to allow sperm and other foreign things in
- needs immunity that keeps it alive but also allows the foreign body foetus to survive (dampened immunity)
- normal cleansing process that is influenced to go downwards with gravity
4
Q
Influence of Hormones on Immunity
A
- refers only to immunity of the genital tract
- better disease resistance under theinfluence of oestrogen
- uterus more susceptible … –> (in bitch most of all)
- If there isnt PGF2a to rid of the CL then you will have continued production of progesterone and mre susceptibility to infection
5
Q
Outline of Main Disorders of the Female Genital Tract
A
6
Q
Levels at which sex can be defined
(4)
A
- a lot of things can go wrong during sexual development
7
Q
A
B. Male Pseudohermaphrodite
- there are testis and a uterus/vagina with it
- based on the gonadal sex
- if there is testis present—> male
- goats and american cocker spaniels
- look up pseudohermaphrodite
8
Q
A
C. True Hermaphrodite
- there is an ovary on the left
- unclear what is on the rght
- histo shows mixed tissue (ovotestis)–> makes this a true hermaphrodite
9
Q
A
- very common in twin pregnancies of twin calves
- male animal supressing the female development
10
Q
A
B. Right
- acquired cysts on the right
- developmental on the left
11
Q
Ovary
(non-infectious disease of the ovary)
A
- paraovarian: not in the ovary, but in the tissue surrounding the ovary
- intraovarian: within the ovary
- developmental: does not affect the hormonal aspects in the ovary, only cause problems if they get too large and impair structures (see in gilts and pigs and such)
- acquired: luteal cysts, follicular, etc. –> usually affecting the hormonal function of the ovary and may end up in sterility
- usually affect hormonal function of the ovary which become clinically significant and affect fertility
12
Q
A
- if LH surge isnt there you wont get ovulation
- -cysts develop
13
Q
Follicular cysts/Cystic Ovarian Follicles
A
- common in cows, and sows as such
- If it is there for more than 10 days can be considered a follicular cyst
- lack of ovulation usually due to something in the hypothalamus not producing the peak or ovarian causes
- echo
- will usually show no signs of ovulation or more rare (nymphomania) - constant oestrus
14
Q
Anovulatory luteinised cyst
(Luteal Cyst)
A
- 60 % in cattle will be follicular, and other 30% will generally be luteal
- may be a bit of progesterone production with it
- clinically significant
15
Q
Cystic CL
A
- when ovulation has taken place!
- don’t confuse with luteal cysts
- these are completely incidental, do not affect fertility
16
Q
Oophoritis
A
- usually associated with infection of uterus or systemic disease
17
Q
Ovarian Neoplasms
A
- think about what type of cells are there and which can become neoplastic
18
Q
Germ Cell Neoplasms
(2)
A
- difference between them is one is form primitive germ cells while the other from totipotent
- these are theones with hairs in it, etc. (echo)
19
Q
Sex cord-stromal tumours
A
- These can produce steroids, androgens, estrogens
- echo for arrow
- tend to affect older animal but can affect the young ones too!
20
Q
A
C. Metastasis by contact of surface
21
Q
Epithelial Neoplasms
A
- Transcoelmic spread can seed itself by touch into the peritoneal cavity for example
- carcinomas generally
- should be considered as a differential for ascites in an older bitch!
- why does it end up in fluid accumlation? - due to blocking the lymphatics, cant drain, just start draining into it
22
Q
A
- gets blocked
- usually a congenital factor including an ascending infection
- gilts?
- echo
23
Q
Non-infectious disease
(uterus)
A
- almost all of them are medical emergencies!
- there is a cut off of blood supply
- animal will die without repair
24
Q
A
D) Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
-quite a few cysts indicating something cystic is happening
echo
25
* mainly affects bitches and queens to a lesser degree
* long progesterone phase making the uterus more prone to infections as immunity is worse (like in pregnancy)
* get secretions in there and mucometria
* gets worse as they get older, secondary infection--\> they would love the warm, moist enviroment
* env't more forthcoming for the bacteria
26
Pyometra
| (Bitch)
* pus is how we identify the pyometra
* has to be during that progesterone phase for infection ot take place
* very common in older nulliparous bitches
* is the cervix closed or partially open? - open is less severe, but closed is a huge emergency (pus has nowhere to escape, toxemia)
27
echo
28
Pyometra
| (in cow)
* CL persists and therefore high progesterone levels persist
* our treatments should aim to get the cow cycling again
* If you do a rectal, it can sometimes feel like a pregnancy
29
Pyometra
| (in Mare)
* don't fully understand sometimes why they develop it
* they continue cycling unlike the cow so hormones are less of a concern
* but the formation of their perineal can be an issue where you could constantly have remnants in there causing chronic infection
* tends to be more common in older mares
30
Inflammatory Diseases of the Uterus
| (3)
31
**A. and D.**
## Footnote
-not E. --\> it is actually a prequel
32
Endometritis
* if it is 3 weeks after calving, they will speak of endometritis regardless of what is affected (just be aware)
* most of them will have it post-partum and it will clean it, but some can become chronic and fibrous
* won't rid of CL and then you get chronic endometritis
* they are very frustrating to treat in cows and mares!
33
Metritis
* can affect seros and get into the blood stream leading to septicemia, toxaemias
* friable uterus
* hemorrhages
34
Leiomyoma
| (smooth muscle)
* most commonly in the bitch
* not only affects uterus, but cervix and vagina
* multiple nodules, not just one usually
* need to do an ovariohystorectomy and then usually smaller ones will vanish by themselves
* most of them are benign
35
Neoplasia
| (Carcinoma and Lymphosarcoma)
* carcinoma is the most common spontaneous one in rabbits
* neoplasm in an adult cow is **always notifiable-** as it could be EBL and needs to be investigated further (it is quite widespread in the US, but free of it in the UK)
* Uterus is one of the target organs for EBL
36
Non-Inflammatory Diseases
| (vulva & vagina)
* sweilling for vulva/vaginal region
* microtoxin that is frequently observed in the (endogenous/exogenous estrogen)
* echo
37
Inflammatory Diseases
| (Vulva & Vagina)
* Dourine- more widespread in S. America
38
* echo
* usually self-limiting and will vansih over time
* can cause infertility in heifers
* IBR - respiratory disease (usually where is comes from, animals breathing onto the vagina)
39
Neoplasms
| (Vulva & Vagina)
40
Transmissible Venereal Tumour
* neoplastic cells are being transfered to the other animal and can be established as neoplastic there
* much more in southern europe and african countries
41
* problem really is the size
* pic: this would cause issues with urination
* it will generally vanish as long as it doesnt cause issues with renal and other systems
42
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
* tail docked animals- -\> if their vaginas are exposed to too much UV sunlight
43
4 Key messages to take home
