Genetik Flashcards

1
Q

Was sind die mendelschen Regeln für sexuelle Fortpflanzung?

A
  • Bei Kreuzung unterschiedlicher Ausprägungen A, a eines Merkmals ist die
    erste Bastard-/Hybridgeneration stets einheitlich im Aussehen, entweder ein
    Mischmerkmal der Elterngeneration Aa oder ein dominierendes, A oder a.
  • In der zweiten Generation treten dazuhin die ursprünglichen
    Ausprägungen wieder auf, in spezifischen Zahlenverhältnissen
    AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1
  • Unterschiedliche Merkmale überlagern sich ungestört, damit lassen sich
    die Ergebnisse rein kombinatorisch berechnen.
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2
Q

Was ist contagium animatum?

A

ein lebender Ansteckungsstoff (kleinste Lebewesen), der Infektionskrankheiten verursacht.

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3
Q

Wie wurden Mikroorganismen als Ursache von Infektionskrankheiten nachgewiesen? Was sind die Kochschen Postaulate?

A

(Henle 1840, Koch 1876/1884, Klebs 1877) 1. Regelmäßiges Auftreten eines bestimmten Mikroorganismus zusammen mit der Krankheit, zeitlich und örtlich 2. Isolieren des Mikroorganismus, Kultivieren in Reinform 3. Künstliches Auslösen der Krankheit in gesunden Tieren durch die kultivierten Mikroorganismen

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4
Q

Was waren die stärksten Jahrzente der Bakteriologie?

A

1880 - Ende des Jahrhunderts

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5
Q

Nenne 3 beispiele für entdecke Bakterien

A
Beispile von entdeckten Bakterien
1882 Tuberkulose (Robert Koch) 
1883 Cholera (Robert Koch) 
 • 1884 Diphterie (Friedrich Loeffler) 
 1894 Pest (Alexandre Yersin)
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6
Q

Kritik an Robertschen Postulaten

A

Für fakultativ pathogene Bakterien, Pilze und Viren müssen noch weitere Infektionsmarker bestimmt werden.
• Die Postulate lassen sich für viele Viren anwenden • Einigen Viren erfüllen nicht alle Bedingungen • z.B. Anzüchtung in Zellkultur

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7
Q

was sind INUS-Bedingungen

A

Insufficient but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition.

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8
Q

Beschreibe INUS anhand von Streichhölzern

A

A= Dominant a= recessive
A ist eine Ursache für B gendau dann wenn. A eine INUSBedingung für B ist.

AX ist eine komplexe Ursache für B.
Y ist eine alternative Ursache für B

A: Reiben des Streichholzes an der Schachtel X: Vorhandensein von Sauerstoff Y: Bereits bestehende Flamme in die Nähe des Kopfes bringen B: Streichholzkopf brennt.

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9
Q

Forschungsfelder in der Bilogie im 19 Jh

A

• Physiologie • Physiologische Chemie / Biochemie • Entwicklungsphysiologie / Entwicklungsmechanik • Daraus hervorgehend: allgemeine “Physiologie der Vererbung“, „Genetik“, Zusammenhang mit Züchtungsforschung • Zellenlehre / Cytologie

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10
Q

Was war die Kritik am Zustand und der Entwicklung der Biologie?

A

“Anatomists, zoologists, physiologists, have … become more and more estranged from each other. Instead of working hand in hand to built together the common tower of biology, each has been constructing his own chambers, not only without reference to, but in more or less complete ignorance of what the others are doing. And they are so far apart, that even when they wish to call each other, they can rarely be understood.” Michael Foster, 1899

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11
Q

What is a DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides are paired to make a code that carries instructions

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12
Q

When did the first genetically modified food hit the shelves?

A

1994 the flavr savr tomato with an extra gene that suppressed the build-up of a rotting enzyme

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13
Q

Why is CRISPR so revolutionary?

A

It shrunk the cost of genetic engineering by 99%
instead of a year it takes a few weeks
Old techniques were like a map, new ones are like a GPS system

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14
Q

How does CRISPR work?

A

Bacteriophages or also called phages cunt bacteria. By inserting their own genetic code into their bacteria and taking them over. Bacteria fail to defend themselves most of the time. But if they do, they save a part of the virus DNA in their own genetic code. In a DNA archive called CRISPR. There it is stored safely until it is needed. When the virus attacks again the Bacterium makes an RNA copy and arms a protein called CAS9. The CAS9 is extremely precise and scans the bacterium insides for the virus DNA. If it finds it, it cuts out the virus DNA

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15
Q

What does CRISPR do/offer?

A

To modify living cells
Switch genes on and off
Target and study particular DNA sequences
Works for any type of cell (microorganisms, plants, animals, humans)

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16
Q

How could cancer be addressed with Crisper?

A

It can edit the immune cells to better detect cancer cells. Getting rid of cancer could be just getting some injections of your own immune cells that have been engineered in a lab to detect cancer

17
Q

Laws of mendelian inhertiance

A

1) Genes that control traits are mostly distinct
2) Independent assortment: Genes switch around when breeding but don’t co-influence each other. A peas color change doesn’t affect its height
3) Law of dominance: some traits are dominant some are recessvie

18
Q

What happened to Gregor Mendel’s work?

A

During his life is wasnt recognized. Only later 19h 4 different researchers read his paper and recognized its importance
he became the father of genetics

19
Q

What theory regarding microorganisms developed around the mid 18 hundreds?

A

Germ theory. Germans or pathogenic microorganisms cause infectious diseases.

20
Q

Who is Luis Pasteur?

A

Galton Pasteuer was a chemist who is known for his work on germs and health. Credited as the co-founder of microbiology and the founder of zymology. The science of fermentation. Fermentation is used in making beerin, wine, yoghurt, cheese bread etc.
Pasteur observed grapes fermenting and noticed that if sterilized the fermentation process woudn#t haben- hypothesized that microbes are everwhere.
He patented a process where milk and other beverages was heated to a temperature of 60-100 C to kill microbes.

21
Q

What did Robert Koch do?

A

Founded the study of bacteriology. Contributed to the identification of loads of bacteria.

22
Q

When did biology emerge as formal study?

A

1859