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Biology > Genetics Unit Test PPT. > Flashcards

Genetics Unit Test PPT. Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of genetics

A
  • Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
  • heredity
  • inheritance
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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • Father of Genetics
  • Mathematician
  • Experimented with pea plant traits to follow inheritance
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3
Q

What structures does the perfect flower have?

A

male and female structures

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4
Q

anther

A
  • male structure

- produces pollen containing sperm

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5
Q

ovary

A
  • female structure

- Produces ovules containing eggs

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6
Q

Mendel’s Experiment

A
  1. Grew pure plants (P generation) that had 2 of the same alleles.
  2. Cross pollinated plants with contrasting traits to create F1 generation
  3. Cross two F1 tall plants to get the F2
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7
Q

Law of Segregation

A
  • During meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate.

- Offspring receives one gene for a trait from each parent.

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8
Q

1N

A

haploid

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9
Q

2N

A

diploid

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10
Q

punnett square

A
  • Used to predict the chances of offspring genotypes.

- Outcome is based on large number of offspring.

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11
Q

Mendel’s Generations

A
  • P generation
  • F1 generation (Hybrid 4:0)
  • F2 generation (3:1 ratio)
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12
Q

Parental (P) generation

A

pure for a trait

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13
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring of F1

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14
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait when genes are on separate chromosomes

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15
Q

What are traits determined by?

A

the genes on the chromosomes

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16
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that determines a trait

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17
Q

What do chromosomes come in?

A

homologous pairs

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18
Q

What do genes come in?

A

pairs

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19
Q

homologous pairs

A

matching genes – one from female parent and one from male parent

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20
Q

Example of Homologous Pairs:

Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

A

One set from dad – 23 in sperm

One set from mom – 23 in egg

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21
Q

alleles

A 
different genes (possibilities) for the same trait – 
ex: blue eyes or brown eyes
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22
Q

dominant allele

A

prevents the other allele from being expresses

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23
Q

recessive allele

A

is NOT expressed even though it is present in the DNA

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24
Q

symbol for dominant allele

A

upper case letter

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25
Q

symbol for recessive gene

A

lower case letter

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26
Q

How can a recessive trait be expressed?

A

Must have 2 recessive alleles for a recessive trait to be expressed

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27
Q

Always use the ____ letter for the same alleles.

A

same

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28
Q

Straight thumb is ______ to hitchhiker thumb

A

dominant

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29
Q

homozygous or purebred

A

Both genes of a pair are the same

ex.
TT – homozygous dominant
tt – homozygous recessive

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30
Q

heterozygous or hybrid

A

One dominant and one recessive gene

ex.
Tt – heterozygous

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31
Q

genotype

A

Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene makeup)

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32
Q

What is an example of a genotype?

A

Ex: TT, Tt, tt

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33
Q

phenotype

A

Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up

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34
Q

What is an example of a phenotype?

A

Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb

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35
Q

What does probability mean?

A

The chance of an event occurring

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36
Q

In order to get close to the predicted, what do you have to many of?

A

NEED MANY TRIALS

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37
Q

What is the punnett square based on?

A

many offspring (trials)

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38
Q

What is the punnett square used for?

A

Used to predict the possible gene makeup of offspring

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39
Q

karyotype

A

picture of an individual’s chromosomes

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40
Q

amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo is removed for analysis

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41
Q

Dwarfism

A

variety of skeletal abnormalities

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42
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

gradual deterioration of brain tissue, shows up in middle age and is fatal

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43
Q

What are dominant gene mutations?

A
  • dwarfism

- huntington’s disease

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44
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • an amino acid common in milk cannot be broken down and as it builds up it causes mental retardation
  • newborns are tested for this
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45
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

mucous builds up in the lungs

46
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A
  • deterioration of the nervous system

- early death

47
Q

What do mutated genes produce?

A

produce enzymes that are less effective than normal at breaking down fatty cell products known as gangliosides

48
Q

What happens as result of what the mutated genes produced?

A

gangliosides build up in the lysosomes and overload cells. Their buildup ultimately causes damage to nerve cells

49
Q

What are recessive gene mutations?

A
  • sickle cell anemia
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Tay-Sachs Disease
  • Phenylketonuria
50
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • red blood cells are sickle shaped instead of round and cannot carry enough oxygen to the body tissues
  • heterozygous condition protects people from malaria
51
Q

Gene or Point Mutation

A
  • most common and least drastic

- only one gene is altered

52
Q

What does the inside of punnett squares represent?

A

possible offspring (2N)

53
Q

What does the outside of the punnett square represent?

A

Male gametes - N (One gene in sperm) or

Female gametes – N (One gene in egg)

54
Q

What is the order to write a genotypic ratio?

A

homozygous dominant : heterozygous : homozygous recessive

55
Q

What is the order to write a phenotypic ratio?

A

dominant : recessive

56
Q

People have ___ chromosomes or ___ pairs.

A
  • 46

- 23

57
Q

homologous

A

look alike

58
Q

autosomes

A

determine body traits

59
Q

22 pairs are _________.

A

homologous

60
Q

What are the 22 homologous pairs called?

A

autosomes

61
Q

1 pair is a ____ chromosome

A

sex

62
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determines sex (male or female)

63
Q

Female

A
  • sex chromosomes are homologous (look alike)

- label XX

64
Q

Male

A
  • sex chromosomes are different

- label XY

65
Q

What is the probability of a couple having a boy? Or a girl?

A

50/50 chance

66
Q

incomplete dominance

A

When one allele is NOT completely dominant over another they produce a blended phenotype

67
Q

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

A

In carnations the color red (R) is incompletely dominant over white (W). The hybrid color is pink.

68
Q

codominance

A

When both alleles are expressed individually

69
Q

What is an example of complete dominance?

A
  • In certain chickens black feathers are codominant with white feathers.
  • Heterozygous chickens have black and white speckled feathers.
70
Q

ROAN Cow

A

Red allele: R
White allele: W
Roan: RW

71
Q

Blood Type Alleles

A

Alleles for a protein on the Red Blood Cell

72
Q

I^A

A

Alpha protein

73
Q

I^B

A

Beta protein

74
Q

i^o or i

A

neither

75
Q

Possible Blood genotypes

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O
76
Q

SRY

A

Sex determining Region of the Y

77
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Genes for these traits are located only on the X chromosome (NOT on the Y chromosome)

78
Q

Why are x-linked alleles expressed in males whether dominant or recessive?

A

males have only one X chromosome

79
Q

What are examples of recessive sex-linked disorders?

A
  • colorblindness

- hemophilia

80
Q

colorblindness

A

inability to distinguish between certain colors

81
Q

What is the most common type of color blindness?

A

red-green color blindness, where red and green are seen as the same color

82
Q

hemophilia

A

blood won’t clot

83
Q

Barr body

A
  • In females one X chromosome is inactivated in each cell.

- Some cells have one X turned off and some cells have the other X turned off.

84
Q

Calico Cat color expression

A

X^B X^O

85
Q

pedigree

A

Diagram of a trait passed through generations

86
Q

circles =

A

females

87
Q

squares =

A

males

88
Q

horizontal lines =

A

marriage

89
Q

Vertical line and brackets =

A

connect parent to offspring

90
Q

A shaded circle or square =

A

person has the trait

91
Q

A circle or square NOT shaded =

A

an individual who does NOT have the trait

92
Q

Partial shade =

A

carrier/ heterozygous for the trait

93
Q

multiple alleles

A

3 or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait

94
Q

In humans, blood types are determined by how many alleles?

A

3 alleles - A, B, and O

95
Q

How many alleles from blood types do humans actually inherit?

A

inherit 2 alleles

96
Q

Dominant Blood Type Alleles

A

A and B (codominance)

97
Q

Recessive Blood Type Alleles

A

O

98
Q

What are possible blood types?

A 
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO 
AB = AB
O = OO
99
Q

mutation

A

sudden genetic change (change in base pair sequence of DNA)

100
Q

How can mutations be?

A
  • harmful
  • beneficial
  • neutral
101
Q

Harmful mutations

A

organism less able to survive: genetic disorders, cancer, death

102
Q

Beneficial mutations

A

allows organism to better survive: provides genetic variation

103
Q

Neutral mutations

A

neither harmful nor helpful to organism

104
Q

What are the two ways a mutation can occur?

A

chromosomal mutation or gene/point mutation

105
Q

chromosomal mutation

A
  • less common than a gene mutation
  • more drastic – affects entire chromosome, so affects many genes rather than just one
  • caused by failure of the homologous chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis
  • chromosome pairs no longer look the same – too few or too many genes, different shape
106
Q

What are examples of chromosomal mutations?

A
  • Down syndrome
  • Turner’s syndrome
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome
107
Q

Down syndrome

A

(Trisomy 21) 47 chromosomes, extra chromosome at pair #21

108
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A
  • only 45 chromosomes, missing a sex chromosome (X)

- Girls affected – short, slow growth, heart problems

109
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • 47 chromosomes, extra X chromosomes (XXY)

- Boys affected – low testosterone levels, underdeveloped muscles, sparse facial hair

110
Q

What can happen if there is an extra set of chromosomes in animals?

A

fatal in animals

111
Q

What can happen if there is an extra set of chromosomes in plants?

A

it makes them larger and hardier

Biology (5 decks)

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