Chapter 13 Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps for Gene Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis

A
  1. Isolate the desired gene.
  2. Insert the gene into a viral vector.
  3. Introduce recombinant virus into patient.
  4. Healthy copy of the gene produces needed protein.
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2
Q

Human stem cells can be used to replace damaged or injured cells from?

A
  • Burns
  • Strokes
  • spinal cord injury
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Diabetes
  • leukemia
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3
Q

What are stem cells grown in?

A

tissue culture

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4
Q

Is there a low success rate with animal cloning?

A

yes

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5
Q

Dolly the Sheep was the only success out of ___ tries.

A

277

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6
Q

What is human cell cloning used for?

A

to produce stem cells and tissues

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7
Q

What did Dolly the sheep have?

A

premature aging

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8
Q

Where is the cloned egg placed?

A

a female uterus until birth

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9
Q

What is the offspring DNA identical to for cloned animals?

A

the DNA of the nucleus donor

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10
Q

What is animal cloning done by?

A

Nuclear Transfer

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11
Q

Nuclear Transfer

A

a nucleus(2N) is inserted into an empty egg cell

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12
Q

What does cell cloning produce?

A

exact copies of the parent

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13
Q

What can bacteria produce?

A

human proteins such as insulin and growth hormone

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14
Q

GM

A

genetically modified

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15
Q

What are transgenic cells called?

A

Genetically Modified (GM)

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16
Q

How is GM used in plants?

A
  • Improved crops with added vitamins or insect resistance.
  • Golden rice was genetically modified.
  • DNA for Vitamin A was inserted.
17
Q

What does a transgenic organism have?

A

DNA from another source

18
Q

What does recombinant DNA have codes from?

A

another organism

19
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)

A
  • Heat is used to separate DNA strands.
  • Enzymes are used to add nucleotides in a PCR machine.
  • Millions of copies of DNA can be made.
20
Q

Steps for Transformation creates transgenic organisms

A
  1. Cells take in DNA from a foreign organism
  2. The organism integrates the foreign DNA into one of its chromosomes.
  3. The foreign trait is expressed.
21
Q

vector

A

may be used to carry DNA into cells

22
Q

What are examples of biological vectors?

A
  • bacteria

- viruses

23
Q

What are examples of mechanical vectors?

A
  • Micropipette

- Gene gun with DNA coated bullets

24
Q

What are examples of mechanical vectors?

A
  • Micropipette

- Gene gun with DNA coated bullets

25
Q

What do bacterial cells contain?

A

plasmids and are easy to use

26
Q

plasmids

A

circular bacterial DNA that are used to form recombinant DNA

27
Q

recombinant DNA

A
  • Forms when two types of DNA are joined
  • DNA is “re-combined”
  • This DNA can be inserted into an organism
28
Q

What are the sticky ends combined with?

A

the complimentary sticky ends from different DNA cut with the same enzyme

29
Q

restriction enzyme

A

Enzymes that cut DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds “cleaving” between specific sequences

30
Q

What is an example of restriction enzyme?

A

between A-C

31
Q

What can be used to cut DNA?

A

restriction enzymes

32
Q

genetic engineering

A

mainly involves the creation of recombinant DNA, which is then inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus