Genetics test Flashcards
What is a chromosome
A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus, made up of proteins containing DNA:.
What is a gene?
a gene is a segment of DNA that carries genetic instructions for building a trait
What is DNA?
DNA is a complex chained molecule in a double helix format that carries genetic code, the instructions that a cell and entire body uses to make copies of itself. It aslo conatins gene and is found in the chromosome.
What is the purpose of Mitosis?
The purpose of Mitosis, which is cell division. A body grows and wounds heal because the number of its cells increases, this is achieved by cells dividing in half to create two identical but fully independent body cells.
What is the purpose of Meiosis?
The purpose of Meiosis is for producing gametes, otherwise known as sex cells. So the purpose for Meiosis is sexual reprduction. Sexual reproduction requires each parent to produce gametes. In the end there are 4 non identical gametes.
What is the steps of Mitosis?
There are 4 steps of Mitosis, 5 if you include the INTERPHASE. The 4 other stages are the PROPHASE, METAPHASE, the ANAPHASE TELOPHASE (PMAT) and the end stage is called Cytokinesis. In the Interphase the cell has the usual number of 46 chromosomes in it (Nucleus), however the cells start doubling. In the Prophase each chromosome is douled forming two chromatids which are the same chromosome joined together. After that in the Metaphase the chromatids line up in the middle of the cell. And in the Anaphase the chromatids are pulled apart, to become seperate chromosomes. In the Telophase the cells begin to divide. And finnally in the end in Cytokinesis two daughter cells are formed, each with 46 chromosomes.
What is the steps of Meiosis?
In Meiosis there are two divisions, since there are 4 cells to be produced. However its still structured the same. In the interphase there is still a set of chromosomes from The Mother and the Father. After that in the prophase chromosomes duplicate, forming chromatid pairs and some of their genes are mixed up. After that the pairs line up in the middle of the cell (microtubules). In the anaphase the pairs get pulled apart to either end of the cell. In the telo pahse the cell membrane forms across the cell creating two separate cells . Now the second division starts. Each of the two cells pull the chromosomes apart again, leaving four unique cells with half the numbber of chromosomes of the original parents cell.
What is a dominant gene?
What is a recessive gene? How does it affect the offspring?
Genes comes in pairs, and an offspring inherits one pair from each parent. They can be dominant or recessive. A dominant gene is more common and “overpowers” the recessive gene. An example is brown eyes. A recessive gene or trait is more uncommon especially if the other parent has a dominant gene. An example is blue eyes.
Homozygous
Homozygous refers to having inherited the same versions of the same cell/gene. For example tt or TT.
Heterozygous
Heterozygous refers to having inherited different version of each gene from each biological parent. For example Tt or tT.
Codominance
Refers to a type of inheritance when two versions of the same gene are expressed seperatly in an individual. For example heterochromia, blue AND brown eyes.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance happens when neither gene is completely dominant, so the traits blend together in the offspring. (Pink flowers)
What is an allele?
An allele is a specific version of that gene that determine sthe traits expression.
Were is the DNA found?
The DNA is found in a cell, more specifically in the Nucleus or in the chromosome.
What are the bases in DNA? And which ones go together?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
Adenine and Thymine attract
Guanine and Cytosine attract
How does the enviroment and nature affect phenotypes?
Many traits are genetic like eye color, however some traits are affected by the enviroment and nature. Like for example sunlight can effect pigmentation and your diet can effect your weight.
If having red eye color is dominant and white eye color is recessive in bunnies. If a heterozygous red eyed male and homozygous white eyed female get a baby, draw a punnet square and genotype ratio and phenotype ratio.
Show the Punnet square. The genotype ratio should be 50:50 and same with the Phenotype ratio.
What are the steps of protein synthesis?
The procces of protein synthesis occurs in two main stages ; transcription and translation. Transcription happens in the nucleus, it is when were going to transcribe the DNA into a message. First an enzyme called RNA polymerase will connect complementary RNA bases to the DNA. These RNA bases are bonded together to form a single stranded mRNA. mRNA brings information from the DNA to the Ribsome that makes protein from amino acids. The tRNA delivers and transfers the specific amino acid that the mRNA needs. When there is a long enough amino acid chain it becomes a protein.
What is the purpose of rRNA?
rRNA makes up Ribosomes that makes proteins.
What is the purpose of mRNA?
mRNA is necessary i protein synthesis. Messenger RNA consists of a message made of RNA that has been based on the DNA. The mRNA then later goes out of the nucleus to a ribosome and ribosomes are going to make proteins in the next step called translation.
What is the purpose of t RNA?
tRNA stands for transfer RNA and carry a amino acid on them . They transfer amino acids to area of protein synthesis. If you have a bunch of amino acids together you can build a protein.
Why do Gametes only have a single set of genes?
Gametes only have a single set of genes, while other cells have 2 sets because of a proccess called fertilization. In this process two gametes, one from each parent fuse to form a zygote, or the first cell of a new individual.
Phenotype
Your phenotype is the appearance. For example if in the context of eye colors, you have inherited BB then your phenotype is brown eyes.
Genotype
Your genotype is your gene typ like if your phenotype is homozygous brown eyes then your genotype is BB.
Difference between allele and gene
a gene is a segment of DNA that carries genetic instructions for building a trait while an allele is a specific version of that gene that determines the traits expression
What is RNA and how does it differ from DNA?
RNA is a single stranded molecule and DNA is double stranded with a double helix shape. DNA is contains deoxyribose sugar, and RNA ribose sugar. Both are made up of nucleotides and have bases. However the bases in RNA are Uracil, cytosine Ademine and Guanine, and in DNA it is Thymine instead of Uracil.
Why is protein synthesis so important?
Protein synthesis is so important because it makes proteins and proteins are really important. They are involved in transport, structure, acting as enzymes, in protecting the body and more.
How is DNA structured?
DNA is double stranded, in a double helix structure and it is made of nucleotides. It contain deoxyribose, phosphate, nitregenous bases that contain genes.
asexual reproduction
When a single organism makes an exact copy of itself.
sexual reproduction
When two parents mix up their genes in order to produce offsprings
Gametes
Sex cells that together fuse to form a zygote.
Diploid
A diploid is a cell with two full sets of chromosomes (2n)
Haploid
A haploid is a cell like a gamete with one single set of chromosomes.
