genetics study guide Flashcards
study of heredity
genetics
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
heredity
form of a trait
allele
shows up if present/covers ivermectin recessive/capital letter
dominant
shows up if 2 allele present/gets covered up/lower/lower case letter
recessive
two of the same alleles
homozygous
two different alleles
heterozygous
physical trait
phenotype
genetic make up (h words)
genotype
Austrian monk/studied genetics on pea plants/father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
scientist who studies heredity
geneticist
tool that is used to predict the possible outcome of offspring’s traits
punnet square
a tool to trace traits through a family
pedigree
picture of chromosomes
karyotype
one trait doesn’t completely cover over another (blends)
incomplete dominance
permanent makeup in DNA
mutation
you have it if you a homozygous recessive/parents are heterozygous carriers
recessive disorder/disease
carried on the x or the y/usually boys have it because the have in x
sex linked trait/disease/disorder (baldness)
more than 2 alleles for a trait
multiple alleles (blood type)
many genes work together to determine a trait
polygenic inheritance (hair color, eye color, skin, height)
extra chromosome but never to little
chromosomal disorder (down syndrome trisomy 18/13)
male determines gender
gender determination
above the genome/gene turn off it on with time due to environment
epigenetics
an animal or plants DNA that has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
organism are bred for favorable traits
selective breeding
pros of selective breeding
-a way of breeding animals to fit the desired traits in an organism
cons of selective breeding
-traits could be harmful to animals
-may not be beneficial to the animal
pros to GMOs
-can make food more nutritious
-tastier food
-longer shelf life
cons of GMOs
-can cause cancer
-allergic reactions
-can mess up the ecosystem
explain genome and epigenome
-“epi” in “epigenome” means “above” the genome
-you are born with genes, but overtime your gene expression can change due to lifestyle, environment and hormones
explain the dolly the sheep story
-first animal to be cloned from adult in 1996 in Scotland
-Because of health issues, she died early
-3 sheep’s were used to make her
5 facts about Gregor mendel
-father of genetics
-monk
-austrian
-studied pea plants
-1800’s
difference between pedigree and punnette square
-a punnette square is used to determine the possible traits of offspring while a pedigree traces traits through out a family
example of polygenic inheritance
eye color
example of chromosomal disorder
down syndrome
example of multiple alleles
blood type
example of sex-linked
baldness
example of recessive
albinism
how could a biological child look nothing like their parent
-if both parent are heterozygous
-genes can turn off and on over time
