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Bio 151 > Genetics: Replication/Transcription/Translation > Flashcards

Genetics: Replication/Transcription/Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Conflict of Stable Heredity

A
  • Spontaneous Generation
  • Preformation
  • Inheritance of Acquired Traits
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2
Q

Mendel

A

Picked simple traits, easily bread organisms, used large numbers, different traits controlled by gene

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3
Q

Chargaff

A
  • Levels of nucleotides not identical
  • Varies by species
  • A = T , C = G
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4
Q

Griffith

A
  • Growing R cells with ground up (dead) S cells TRANSFORMS R to S
  • After transformation S is stably inherited
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5
Q

Avery

A

Figured out that DNA is what caused transformation by blocking proteins, amino acids, and DNA in experiments

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6
Q

Hershey-Chase

A
  • See if DNA and/or protein gets in side host cell
  • Made protein or DNA radioactive
  • Protein outside cells –> can be washed off
  • DNA inside cells –> can’t be washed off
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7
Q

DNA Structure

A
  1. Nucleotides covalently linked into a strand
  2. Two strands of helix running in opposite directions
  3. Complementary base pairing
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8
Q

Replication

A
  • Base pairing to make an exact copy

- Semi conservative

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9
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA strands

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10
Q

Binding Proteins

A

Stabilize Strands

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11
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Covalently links nucleotides together to form strands

Releases 2 Phosphates

Replaces RNA primer w/ DNA

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12
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primer to give DNA polymerase a starting point

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13
Q

Origin of Replication

A

The site where helicase and polymerase start replication

Makes replication bubble with 2 forks

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14
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Cuts strands
Allows them to unwind
Rejoins them

Solves supercoliing problem

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15
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Joins DNA fragments

Joins Okazaki fragments

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16
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Small sections formed because Polymerase has to keep restarting (polymerase only 5’ to 3’)

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17
Q

Telomere

A

End of linear chromosome

18
Q

Telomerase

A

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to template strand –> extension where primer can bind

Made in germ line cells, stem cells, cancer cells

19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Catalyze protein synthesis

20
Q

mRNA

A

Carries sequence info from DNA to ribosome

21
Q

Why mRNA?

A

Amplification
Control
Evolution

22
Q

Transcription

A
  • One single strand of RNA made from 1 DNA template strand
  • Separation of DNA strands = temporary
  • RNA/DNA binding = temporary
  • RNA uses U instead of T
  • Only part of DNA used as template
  • Can make many mRNA from 1 DNA template
23
Q

Transcription Unit

A

Region of DNA used as template for a type of mRNA

Area btwn promoter and terminator DNA

24
Q

Promoter DNA

A

Where transcription begins

25
Q

Terminator

A

Where transcription ends

26
Q

Transcription Factor

A

Recognize and bind specific nucleotides

Promote or inhibit transcription

27
Q

How to get mRNA to ribosome

A

mRNA goes through 2 lipid bilayers and needs to be protected/modified

28
Q

mRNA Processing

A
  • 5’ Cap (done by special nucleotide) (attaches RNA to ribosome)
  • 3 ‘ end cleaved and poly-A tail added (binds proteins that help stabilize RNA and export from nucleus)
  • Removal of non-coding introns
  • Removed part = intron
  • Remaining part = exons
29
Q

Spliceosome

A
  • Proteins and snRNAs remove introns
  • snRNAs bind and recognize nucleotides at exon/intron junctions
  • snRNAs help splice
30
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Keep different exons –> get different mRNAs –> get different proteins from the same DNA

31
Q

Transcription Summary

A

RNA polymerase, with the help of transcription factor proteins, binds promoter DNA, begins transcription of primary RNA, stops at terminator DNA
• Region = transcription unit
• RNA is complementary to 1 template DNA strand
• RNA detaches from DNA
• In eukaryotes, primary RNA is processed into mRNA by:
A) addition of a 5’ cap
B) addition of polyA tail
C) removal of introns using spliceosome guided by snRNAs, joining exons

32
Q

Translation

A
  • Ribosome matches mRNA triplet codons to tRNA anticodons
  • Each tRNA brings appropriate amino acids
  • Ribosome links amino acids
  • Ribosome reads along mRNA from 5’ to 3’
  • Builds protein from amino to carboxyl end
33
Q

What is at the ribosome?

A

mRNA
rRNA (enzyme)
adaptors for matching amino acids with codons

34
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthases

A

Specific Aminoacyl tRNA synthase uses ATP to attach specific amino acid to specific tRNA

35
Q

Start and stop codons

A

Tell ribosome where to start and stop translation

36
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

matches initiator tRNA (binds Methionine)

37
Q

Stop Codon

A

Binds release factor which releases polypeptide

38
Q

Open Reading Frame

A

Nucleotide sequence that can be translated without running into a stop codon

39
Q

Operon

A

single mRNA has several consecutive start-stop intervals

Translation by ribosomes to make different protein have shared function

40
Q

Non Coding Transcription Units

A
  • Not all RNAs are made into proteins at ribosomes
  • Examples: tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, telomerase RNA,
  • Still transcribed from templates (‘genes’) in DNA,
  • Often different promoters, polymerases than mRNA
  • Do not have 5’ caps, can lack polyA tails, not sent to ribosome

Bio 151 (4 decks)

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