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Bio 151 > Animal Phys. Midterm Study > Flashcards

Animal Phys. Midterm Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Complex Multicellular Features

A
  1. Highly developed mechanisms for adhesion
  2. Specialized structures for cell communication
  3. 3-D organization (not all cells in direct contact w/ environment)
  4. Require mechanisms for transferrring signals
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2
Q

Surface Area & Volume

A

As organisms get bigger, surface area and volume both grow

Surface / volume ratio shrinks

As SA decreases, more limited by diffusion

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4
Q

Diffusion Limits

A
  • Size must be small for diffusion to meet needs
  • Not a lot of storage space for NRG
  • Small range of environments
  • Reproduce quickly and often
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5
Q

Evolve Multicellularity Pros

A
  • Longer life span
  • Cells specialize and are more efficient
  • Bigger is better
  • Injuries can be sustained
  • Harder to prey upon
  • Sexual reproduction: increased genetic diversity
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6
Q

Evolve Multicellularity Cons

A
  • Increased energy requirements.
  • Can no longer rely on osmosis and simple diffusion
  • Longer time to reach adulthood/reproduce
  • Infections
  • Variety of challenges to overcome…
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6
Q

Ganglia

A

Groups of nerve cell bodies that process sensory information

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7
Q

Properties of Simple Multicellular Organisms

A
  1. Adhesion molecules that cause adjacent cells to stick together
  2. Little communication or transfer of resources between cells and little differentiation of specialized cell types.
  3. Most or all of the cells retain a full range of functions including reproduction.
  4. Every cell is in contact with the external environment.
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8
Q

Cephalization

A

Concentrating sensory organs and nervous system components at the front of the body

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Basic functional unit of nervous system

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10
Q

Nervous System

A
  • Network of many interconnected nerve cells
  • Sense and respond to the environment
  • Coordinate action of muscles
  • Control internal function of body
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11
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Send and receive information about an animal’s environment or its internal physiological state
  • Respond to physical features such as temperature, light, and touch or to chemical signals such as odor and taste.
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12
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Process the information received by sensory neurons and transmit it to different body regions, communicating with motor neurons at the end of a pathway
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13
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Produce suitable responses by stimulating muscles.

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14
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Communicates with neighboring cell through junction (synapse)

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15
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Separates end of axon of presynaptic cell and neighboring postsynaptic cell

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Convey the signal from the end of the axon to the postsynaptic target cell.

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17
Q

Signal Transmission

A
  1. Stimuli Received by Dendrites and Cell body
  2. Stimuli summoned at axon hillock (Action Potential triggered if signal is strong enough)
  3. Action potential conducted to axon terminal –> release of neurotransmitters
  4. Bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell –> new signal in postsynaptic neuron
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18
Q

Threshold

A

Input depolarizes cell above threshold potential

Sends Action potential

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19
Q

Depolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential

Na+ ions enter the cell (voltage-gated channels)

Causes positive charge, and membrane potential rises

Action potential fired at axon hillock

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20
Q

Repolarization

A

Caused by Na+ channels closing and K+ channels opening

Membrane potential rapidly falls as K+ ions leave the cell

Falls below the resting potential

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21
Q

Refractory Period

A

Can’t fire action potential

The K+ channels are still closing

Returns to resting as K+ ions are returned via pumps

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulates axon’s membrane

Spreads charge a greater distance on the axon

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23
Q

Glial Cell

A

Surround neurons and provide them with nutrition and physical support

Orient neurons as they develop their connections

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

Type of Glial Cell

Contribute to blood-brain barrier

Clear neurotransmitters btwn synapses

Glial scar and repair damage

Component of Central Nervous System

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25
Q

No Summation

A

EPSPs widely spread don’t set off Action Potential

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26
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Multiple EPSPs arrive quickly at a single synapse and set off an action potential

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27
Q

Spatial Summation

A

EPSPs at 2 or more different synapses set off an action potential

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28
Q

Cancellation

A

An EPSP and IPSP cancel each other out (no action potential)

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29
Q

Somatic (Voluntary) Responses

A
  • Conscious rxns
  • Sense and respond to environment
  • Sight, smell, sound
  • Motor neurons that excite muscles –> contraction
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30
Q

Autonomic (Involuntary) responses

A
  • Unconscious rxns
  • Regulate internal body functions that maintain homeostasis
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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31
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

Conserves NRG, slows heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, relaxes sphincter muscles

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32
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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33
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Send information towards Central Nervous System

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34
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Send information away from Central Nervous System

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35
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to molecules that bind to specific protein receptors on the cell membrane

  1. Molecule binds to protein receptor (protein receptor changes shape)
  2. Na+ channels open through G Protein transduction pathways
  3. Depolarization of cell
  4. Release of neurotransmitters
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36
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to physical deformations of their membrane produced by touch, stretch, pressure, motion, and sound

  1. Deformation of receptor membrane opens Na+ channels (depolarization)
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37
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  1. Respond to photons of light NRG
  2. Close Na+ channels
  3. Cell is hyperpolarized
  4. Inhibit firing rate of other neurons within the eye
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38
Q

Electroreceptors

A

Detect weak electrical signals emitted by organisms

In fish and monotremes

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39
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to heat and cold to control body temp and homeostasis

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40
Q

Nociceptors

A

External and internal

Respond to pain

Respond to noxious signals

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41
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Enhances strength of sensory signal but diminishes it peripherally

Inhibit neurons that receive signals from adjacent regions but send excitatory signals to interneurons within local region

Know exactly where something is interacting with our body

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42
Q

Smell

A
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43
Q

Smell

A
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44
Q

Multicellular Organism

A

Highly developed mechanisms for adhesion

Specialized structures for communication

Tissue + organ differentiation

3d

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45
Q

Connective Tissue

A

fat, bone, cartilage support/protection

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46
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers our bodies surfaces

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47
Q

Muscular Tissues

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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48
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Conduct Signals

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49
Q

Organ

A

Made of tissues

Performs a definite function

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50
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs that each contribute to the function of the body as a whole

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51
Q

Bulk transport

A

Deliver substance over large distances

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52
Q

PNS

A

Sensory and motor nerves

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53
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal chord

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54
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive info

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55
Q

Axon

A

Transmit Info

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56
Q

Synapse

A

Junction btwn cells

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57
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The charge difference between the inside and the outside of a neuron due to differences in charged ions

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58
Q

Ganglia

A

Group of nerve bodies that process sensory information

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59
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Where the axon is exposed

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60
Q

Saltatory Propagation

A

Action potentials jump from node to node

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61
Q

Voltage Gated Channels

A

Open and close in response to change in membrane potential

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62
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

Inhibit activity of opposing muscles

Flexing your knee

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63
Q

Sensory Organ

A

Converts physical and chemical stimuli into nerve impulses.

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64
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

The conversion of physical or chemical stimuli into nerve impulses

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65
Q

G Protein Coupled Receptor

A

When the extracellular receptor binds its ligand it changes shape causeing the G-protein to become phosphorylated (GTP) giving it energy.

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66
Q

Taste bud

A

Cluster of chemosensory receptor cells

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67
Q

5 Flavors

A 
Sweet
Sour 
Bitter
Salty
Savory
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68
Q

G Protein coupled tastes

A

Sweet, bitter, savory

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69
Q

Stereocilia

A

Small, nonmotile projections

Line cell surface

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70
Q

Statocysts

A

Gravity Sensing Organs

Internal chambers lined by hair cells with stereocilia that project into the chamber

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71
Q

Statolith

A

A dense particle of mall granules of sand or other material

Free to move within the statocyst organ.

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72
Q

Hair cell

A

Sense movement and vibrations via mechanical vibrations

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73
Q

Vestibular System

A

Senses motions of the head and its orientation with respect to gravity

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74
Q

Outer Ear

A

Pinna
Ear Canal
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
Transmits airborne sounds into ear

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75
Q

Middle Ear

A

3 small bones

Amplify waves that strike eardrum

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76
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

Vestibular and cochlear branches

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77
Q

Inner

A

Cochlea

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78
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled chamber within the skull that contains hair cells that convert pressure waves into an electrical impulse that is sent to the brain.

Has upper and lower canal separated by basilar membrane and cochlear duct

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79
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Formed by stereocilia

Doesn’t move

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80
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Contains specialized hair cells with stereocilia

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81
Q

Retinal

A

Light absorbing pigment

changes conformation when it absorbs a photon

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82
Q

Opsin

A

Light sensitive protein that converts light energy into electrical signals in the receptor cell.

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83
Q

Fovea

A

Cone cells concentrated

Center of visual field

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84
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Contraction and relaxation adjust shape of lense

Focus light images

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85
Q

Iris

A

Opens and closes to adjust amount of light that enters through the pupil

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86
Q

Rods

A

Black/white

Perephrial

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87
Q

Cones

A

Color vision

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88
Q

PDE

A

Hydrolyzes cGMP –> Close Na channels

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89
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Adjust their release of neurotransmitters in response to the input from multiple rod and cone cells.

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90
Q

Ganglion Cell

A

transmit action potentials via the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain.

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91
Q

Horizontal Cell

A

Enhances contrast through lateral inhibition to sharpen the image

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92
Q

Amacrine Cell

A

Enhances motion detection and adjusting for changes in illumination

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93
Q

Forebrain

A

governs advanced cognitive functions

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94
Q

Hindbrain

A

controls body functions and behaviors

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95
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinate complex motor tasks

Integrates motor and sensory info

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96
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Center for respiration and circulation

Regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function

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97
Q

Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex

A 
Outer layer (grey matter) 
Inner layer (white matter) = axons

Initiates and coordinates movement, regulates temp

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98
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Decision making, taste, smell

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99
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Body and spatial awareness

100
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Process visual info

101
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Process sound and speech

102
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

muscle movement in response to PSC

103
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

takes in tactile info (vibrations, pain, temperature)

104
Q

Hippocampus

A

Long term memory fuction

105
Q

VTA

A

Sends domine to the amygdala, hippocampus, N accumbens, prefrontal cortex

106
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion

107
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Focus

108
Q

Dopamine

A

Makes you feel happy

109
Q

Serotonin

A

Makes you feel satiated

110
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

Ability to adjust synaptic connections between neurons

111
Q

Electroencephelogram

A

Detect brain activity by measuring electrical impulses

112
Q

Beta, Alpha, Delta, Theta Waves

A 
Beta = alert 
Alpha = light meditation 
Theta = drowsy 
Delta = deep sleep
113
Q

4 Stages of Sleep

A

N1 = light sleep
(between being awake and falling asleep)

N2 = onset of sleep
(disengaged from surroundings, breathing and heart rate are regular, and body temp drops)

N3 = deepest and most restorative sleep
(BP decreases, muscles relax, the blood supply to muscles increases, tissue growth and repair NRG restored)

N4 = REM
(NRG to brain and body, restores brain chemistry, solidify new memories, dreams)

114
Q

Striated Muscle

A

Looks striped under a microscope

115
Q

Myrofibril

A

Rod like structure that has parallel arrays of actin and myosin

116
Q

Skeletal vs Cardiac vs Smooth muscle

A

Skeletal connect to skeleton

Smooth found in walls of arteries, respiratory system, digestive system

117
Q

Muscle Fiber (Cell)

A

Has several nuclei

Made of microfibrils

118
Q

Muscle Bundle

A

Group of muscle cells

119
Q

Thin Filament

A

2 helically arranged actin filaments

120
Q

Thick Filament

A

2 long polypeptide chains of myosin with globular head

121
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Wraps around thin filament

Blocks myosin from pulling actin

122
Q

Troponin

A

Ca binds and causes movement of tropomyosin

123
Q

Sacromere

A

Region between 2 Z discs

124
Q

Z Disc

A

Protein backbones

125
Q

A Band

A

Myosin and actin overlap, has H band in the middle

126
Q

I Band

A

Only actin, Z band in the middle, shortens during contraction

127
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

Muscles change length and produce force by the sliding of actin filaments relative to myosin filaments

128
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle

A
  1. Myosin head binds ATP and detaches from actin
  2. Myosin head catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP and cocks the head back
  3. The myosin head binds actin forms a cross-bridge
  4. ADP is released and produces a power stroke , causes the muscle to contract
129
Q

Motor Endplate

A

Where neurotransmitter binds with postsynaptic receptors on the muscle cell

130
Q

T Tubule

A

Conducts depolarization into interior fiber

Orange tube

131
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Depolarization leads to release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Blue wrap around muscle cell

132
Q

Antagonist v Anonist Muscle

A

Pull in opposite directions

Muscles that combine to produce smaller motion = agonist

133
Q

Force Summation

A

2nd action potential arrives before muscle can relax → greater force produced

134
Q

Tetanus Contraction

A

Muscle force reaches plateau and remains steady as stimulation continues

135
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

136
Q

Phermone Prefixes

A 
Endo = internal 
Para = regional small distance 
Auto = within a cell or adjacent cells 
Exo = external
137
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

Can’t cross bilayer
Activate signal transduction pathways
Quick response, short effect
Surface receptor → 2nd messenger pathway

138
Q

Hydrophobic Hormones

A

Cross bilayer
Alter gene expression
Slow response, long effect
Receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus

139
Q

hypothalamus

A

Send signals to pituitary gland

140
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Releases hormones into bloodstream

141
Q

releasing factor hormones

A

Stimulate anterior pit to release stimulating hormones

Stimulating hormones cause release of other hormones

142
Q

tropic vs. direct hormones

A

Tropic hormones control the release of other hormones

143
Q

insulin

A

Hormone circulates the blood

144
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Neurosecretory cells release releasing factors in bloodstream → ant pit release hormones

145
Q

posterior pituitary

A

Neuorsecorty cells extend axons into post pit → release hormones into the bloodstream

146
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone stimulates breakdown of glycogen into glucose and release from liver/muscle cells

147
Q

corticotropin-releasing factor

A

Stimulates the release of larger amount of ACTH by ant pit

148
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates cells to secrete cortisol

149
Q

Cortisol

A

Causes acute stress response

150
Q

positive feedback

A

Accelerate the response of the target cell

Stimulus causes response in same direction as the initial stimulus

151
Q

oxytocin

A

Causes contraction during labor

152
Q

Presynaptic Cell

A

Neuron sending the signal

153
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

Information goes to another neuron

Neuron receiving the information

154
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A response (such as heat) opposes the stimulus (cold), leading to a stable state (a steady temperature).

155
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Register motions to invoke experience

156
Q

Type of muscle found in heart, limbs, and torso

A

Striated

157
Q

Effect of ADP and Pi release from myosin

A

Power stroke (thin filament slides)

158
Q

Type of contraction results in greatest force achieved by a muscle

A

Lengthening contraction

159
Q

Characteristics of striated muscle cell

A

Mulitple nuclei
Hundreds of microfibrils
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

160
Q

Effect of ATP Hydrolysis

A

Cocking back of myosin head

161
Q

Muscle protein types found in striated and smooth muscles

A

Actin & myosin

162
Q

Force exerted by a muscle depends on

A 
# of motor units activated 
Frequency of stimulation
163
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sends nerve signals to smooth and cardiac muscles

164
Q

Muscle Force Output

A

Depends on # of motor units activated in a given time frame

165
Q

What causes muscle cell to fire Action Potential

A

Release of Ca2+ from Sarcoplasmic reticulum

166
Q

Bulk Flow Example

A

Ventilation via trachea and circulation

167
Q

Highest partial pressure of O2

A

Trachea / mouth

168
Q

Lowest partial pressure of O2

A

Pulmonary artery

169
Q

Nerve signals from the hypothalamus control hormone output of

A

Posterior pit gland

170
Q

Smallest structure in the lung

A

Alveolus

171
Q

Organ produces oxytocin and ADH

A

Posterior pit

172
Q

Gas exchange

A

The transport of O2 and CO2 between an animal and its environment

173
Q

bulk flow vs diffusion

A

Diffusion: the random movement of individual molecules

Bulk Flow: physical movement of fluid over a given distance

174
Q

ventilation

A

Bulk Flow
Movement of animal’s respiratory medium past a specialized respiratory surface’

Breathing moves air into the lungs and Carbon out of the lungs

175
Q

circulation

A

Bulk Flow
Movement of a specialized body fluid that carries O2 and CO2

Oxygen and CO2 are transported by the circulatory system to and from cells

176
Q

tidal ventilation

A

Inhalation and exhalation

177
Q

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

A

Attached to adjacent pairs of ribs

Assist diaphragm by elevating ribs on inhalation and depressing during exhalation

178
Q

trachea

A

Central airway leading to lungs

179
Q

Bronchi

A

Airway that supplies a lung

180
Q

bronchiole

A

Carries air to alveoli

181
Q

alveoli

A

Gas diffusion takes place

182
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

Small blood vessels

Supply alveolar wall

183
Q

Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin

A

Hemoglobin
Has 4 binding sites

Myoglobin
Has 1 binding site

184
Q

Heme group (Fe)

A

Binds to oxygen

185
Q

loading vs unloading

A

Areas with high PP of O2 → hemoglobin load up

Areas with low PP of O2 → hemoglobin unloads

186
Q

cooperative binding

A

Once one heme binds, the other 3 groups want O2 even more Conformation change in hemoglobin after each bind

187
Q

allosteric inhibition via CO2 and H+

A

Biproducts of cellular respiration bind to heme groups and prevent binding of O2. Makes sure that O2 is available to cells that need it.

188
Q

dissociation curve

A

pO2 vs % of O2 bound to hemoglobin

Sigmodial in shape (in the middle small changes in pO2 0→ large change in saturation)

189
Q

Artery

A

Large, high pressure vessels that move blood flow away from heart and to tissues

190
Q

Arteriole

A

Blood vessles of progressibley smaller diameter

191
Q

Vein

A

Large, low pressure vessels that return blood to the heart

192
Q

Venule

A

Progressively larger diameter vessels

Drain into a few larger veins that return blood to the heart

193
Q

Capillary

A

Finely branched networks of very small blood vessels

194
Q

Pressure v Resistance

A

Resistance determined by fluid’s stickiness and vessel’s length (radius)
Pressure required to overcome resistance

195
Q

Blood Pressure v Osmotic Pressure

A

Arterial end: blood pressure = out, osmotic pressure = in (total = out)
Venous end: blood pressure = out, osmotic pressure = in (total = in)

196
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that enters the lymphatic system

197
Q

Vasoconstriction v Vasodilation

A

Constriction: blood vessles constrict
Dilation: blood vessles relax (high blood pressure)

198
Q

Pulmonary v Systematic Circulation

A

Pulmonary: to the lungs
Systematic: to the rest of the body

199
Q

Systole v Diastole

A

Systole: Contraction of ventricles , pump blood out of the heart
Diastole: Relaxation of ventricles , fill ventricles with blood

200
Q

Modified Muscle Fibers

A

Transmits action potentials

201
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Can’t be synthesized by cellular pathways

202
Q

Vitamins/Minerals

A

Elements other than CHON required in diet

Organic molecules required in small amounts in diet

203
Q

Foregut

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach

Digestion

204
Q

Midgut

A

Small intestine

Digestion and absorption takes place

205
Q

Hindgut

A

Large intestine and rectum

Absorption and elimation of waste

206
Q

Mechanical v Chemical Digestion

A

Mechanical: break down, move along, mix up
Chemical: completed by enzymes and require high SA

207
Q

Absorption

A

Breakdown products taken up into the bloodstream

208
Q

Saliva

A

Makes food moist and easy to swallow ; has lipase

209
Q

Amalyse

A

Breaks down carbs to begin digestion of sugars/starches

210
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation (move food along)

211
Q

Stomach

A

Protein and lipid breakdown

Stores and digests foods

212
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids

213
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Converted into pepsin with acid
It is secreted by the chief cells by the process of exocytosis
activated by either HCl or by pepsin already in the stomach and can begin to breakdown proteins via hydrolysis

214
Q

Lipases

A

Break down lipids

215
Q

Parietal Cell

A

Secretes HCL

216
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Opens and allows small amounts of digested food to enter small intestine
Regulates rate at which the stomach empties

217
Q

Duodenum

A

Food enters from the stomach

218
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes

219
Q

Gall Bladder

A

Bile stored

220
Q

Bile

A

Breaks large clusters of fats into smaller lipid droplets

221
Q

SEcretin

A

Released by cell lining in duodenum

Stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid

222
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Joins with common bile duct to make ampulla of vater

223
Q

Villi / Microvilli

A

Highly folded inner surfaces in the small intestine

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

224
Q

Na-glucose transporter

A

Glucose enters the intestinal cell with Na driven by Na concentration difference

225
Q

Glucose transport protein

A

Helps glucose exit the intestinal cell

226
Q

Hepatic port system

A

Drains spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and GI tract to teh liver

227
Q

Liver

A

Detox anything harmful, metabolizing energy, send sugar into circulation or store it

228
Q

Large intestine

A

Water and mineral ions reabsorbed

Retains digesta long enough to absorb water and nutrients before expulsion

229
Q

Rectum

A

Stores waste products

230
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure needed to prevent water from moving across a selectively permeable membrane

231
Q

Osmoregulation

A

regulation of osmotic pressure or water content. It keeps internal fluids from becoming too concentrated (high osmotic pressure) or too dilute (low osmotic pressure).

232
Q

Filtration

A

Blood is filtered through an extracellular space

Allows some substances to pass through but retains others

233
Q

Reabsorption

A

Essential molecules are transported back into the blood
Requires active transporters for some molecules
Water is reabsorbed into the cells by osmosis

234
Q

Secretion

A

Active transport of molecules from the blood into the extracellular space
Adds solutes to filtrate

235
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

236
Q

Renal cortex v renal medulla

A

Outer layer of medulla

Middle of nephron

237
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tufted loop of specialized capillaries

238
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Sac that encases tufts of capillaries

239
Q

Podocyte

A

Loosely interlock to create slits in cell layer

Create filter that allows small molecules to pass through but blocks proteins/large cells

240
Q

Proximal v distal convoluted tube

A
241
Q

Loop of henle

A

Reabsorb water

Makes the medulla salty

242
Q

Collecting duct

A

Empty into renal pelvis and drinking through ureter

Levels adjusted to meet osmoregulatory needs

243
Q

Ureter

A

Brings urine from kidneys to bladder

244
Q

ADH

A

Increases collecting duct permeability to water

245
Q

AQP

A

Transmembrane protein
Impermeable to ion flow
Suck water from urine

Bio 151 (4 decks)

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