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3U Bio Genetics > Genetics: Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Genetics: Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genetics

A

Study of hereditary and variation of inherited characteristics

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2
Q

Define DNA

A

stores hereditary info in organisms

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3
Q

Define Chromatin

A

Term used to describe genetic material during interphase. Long stretched out strand of DNA in nucleus with all its proteins

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4
Q

Define Gene

A

Segment of DNA that encodes for a specific piece of information/trait

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5
Q

Define Diploid cell

A

Cells that have 2 copies of each chromosome

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6
Q

Define haploid cell

A

Cells that have half the number of chromosomes

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7
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that code for the same info and are the same size. Not genetically identical.

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8
Q

Define chromatid

A

A single “arm” in a duplicated chromosome

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9
Q

Define sister chromatid

A

The 2 chromatids it a duplicated chromosome that are attached together at their centromere. Genetically identical.

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10
Q

Explain Interphase

A

Period between cell divisions where cell undergoes normal activities (obtaining energy products, synthesizing, repairing damage)

G1 - (gap 1) cell does normal cell things and preps for S phase
S - (synthesis phase) DNA is replicated for cell division
G2 - (gap 2) cell begins final prep for cell division

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11
Q

Explain mitosis

A

Cell division

Prophase- chromatins condense, nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase- spindle fibres guise chromosomes into middle of cell

Anaphase- spindle fibres pull sisters apart and pull cell to make cell bigger

Telophase- chromosomes uncoil, fibres dissolve, nuclear membrane forms.

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12
Q

Why do some cells undergo division faster?

A
  • different stages of life (childhood)
  • cancer cells
  • genetics
  • some cells have shorter lives and need to reproduce faster
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13
Q

Define meiosis

A

Division of the nucleus in sex cells.

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14
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

A pair of homologous chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids

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15
Q

What is crossing over?

A

The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during SYNAPSIS (physical pairing of homologous genes during prophase 1)

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16
Q

What is synapsis?

A

Physical pairing of homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

17
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Random distribution of a chromosome to a daughter cell depending on how chromosome alone up in metaphase 1 and 2

18
Q

Meiosis occours in this type of cell

A

Gametes

19
Q

Mitosis occurs in this type of cell

A

Somatic

20
Q

What is non disjunction?

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells

21
Q

What types of non disjunction are there?

A

TRISOMY - The gain of 1 extra chromosome (3 in place of 1 homologous pair)

MONOSOMY - the loss of 1 chromosome (one 1 copy where there should be a homologous pair)

22
Q

What is trisomy?

A

The gain of 1 extra chromosome (3 in place of 1 homologous pair)

23
Q

What is monosomy?

A

the loss of 1 chromosome (one 1 copy where there should be a homologous pair)

24
Q

Explain chromosomal errors

A

Deletions - sections of DNA are missing

Duplications - sections of DNA are duplicated

Inversions - sections of DNA are copied in reverse order

Translocations - sections of DNA are reattached to the wrong chromosome (non-homologous)

25
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Photographic inventory of an individuals chromosomes, usually taken in late prophase or metaphase

26
Q

Define allele

A

Each genes possible different forms. Ex. Gene is hair colour and allele could be red, blonde or brown

27
Q

What are the 2 types of alleles?

A

Dominant (capitol letter)
- always represented in physical characteristics of present

Recessive (lower case)
- only represented if there do dominant allele

28
Q

Define homozygous

A

An individual in which both alleles are the same.

Homozygous dominant - BB
Homozygous recessive - bb

29
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Hybrid

An individual in which both alleles are different.

Heterozygous - Bb

30
Q

Define genotype

A

Genetic make-up of the individual (BB/Bb/bb)

31
Q

Define Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of the individual

32
Q

Define Down Syndrome

A
  • trisomy of 21

- developmental and intellectual disabilities

33
Q

Define Turner Syndrome

A
  • 1X/missing X

- don’t reach sexual maturity

34
Q

Define Klinefelter Syndrome

A
  • 2X, 1Y

- exhibit some female body characteristics

35
Q

Define Patau Syndrome

A
  • trisomy of 13
  • major developmental issues
  • often only live a few months
36
Q

Define Edwards Syndrome

A
  • trisomy of 18
  • most fetuses die before birth
  • many organ systems defective

3U Bio Genetics (4 decks)

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