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Biology AQA > Genetics, populations, evolutions and ecosystems > Flashcards

Genetics, populations, evolutions and ecosystems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene that occurs at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

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2
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon in mRNA. The anticodon enables tRNA to sequence amino acids in the order specified by mRNA.

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. Cellular DNA is degraded and the nucleus is condensed, then the cell is devoured by phagocytes.

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4
Q

Carcinogen

A

Physical or chemical agent which induces cancer.

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5
Q

Chiasmata

A

Observable regions in which non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over each other.

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6
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two side-by-side replicas produced by chromosome duplication.

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7
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures within the cell nucleus that carry genes encoded by DNA.

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8
Q

Clone

A

A group of cells or molecules that are identical by having arisen from a single ancestral cell or molecule.

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9
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in DNA or RNA which codes for a single amino acid. Enables specific proteins to be made by specific genes.

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10
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchange of genetic material between members of a pair of homologous chromosomes.

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11
Q

Denaturation

A

Disruption of the structure of any complex molecule without breaking the major bonds of its chain.

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12
Q

Dominance

A

Where an allele can cause a trait to be expressed in heterozygous or homozygous.

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13
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Composed of nucleic acids: deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. DNA encodes for the genes that allow genetic information to be passed onto offspring.

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzymes that can synthesise new DNA strands using previously synthesised DNA or RNA as a template.

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15
Q

Exon

A

The protein-coding sequences of a gene. Exons are represented in the mature RNA product.

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16
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells- sperm cells and egg cells.

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17
Q

Genome

A

The entire set of genes of a gamete, person, population or species.

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18
Q

Genetic code

A

The set of correspondences between base triplets in DNA and amino acids.

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19
Q

Genotype

A

All of the alleles present at the locus of a blood group system.

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20
Q

Haploid

A

A single set of chromosomes . Present in sperm cells, egg cells of animals, pollen cells of plants and yeast.

21
Q

Hemizygous

A

Inheritance of an X-linked gene in males.

22
Q

Heterozygous

A

The situation in which allelic genes are different.

23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A matched pair of chromosomes, with one coming from each parent.

24
Q

Homozygous

A

The situation in which allelic genes are the same/ identical.

25
Q

Introns

A

The DNA base sequences that interrupt the protein-coding sequences of a gene. The non-coding sections of DNA or RNA. These sequences are transcribed into RNA but are spliced out to form the mature mRNA before translation.

26
Q

Karyotype

A

The entire chromosome complement of an individual or cell, as seen during mitotic metaphase.

27
Q

Locus

A

A specific position on a chromosome.

28
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of cell division that occurs in sex cells by which gametes having the haploid number of chromosomes are produced from diploid cells.

29
Q

Messenger RNA

A

A type of RNA molecule that conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

30
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Cell division that forms all new cells except sex cells.

31
Q

Mutagen

A

Any agent that is capable of increasing mutation rate.

32
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymers of phosphorylated nucleosides. The building blocks (monomers) of DNA and RNA.

33
Q

Nucleoside

A

The building blocks of DNA and RNA. Compounds consisting of a purine or pyrimidine attached to ribose or deoxyribose at the 11 carbon.

34
Q

Oligonucleotides

A

Small single-stranded segments of DNA, typically 20-30 nucleotides in length, which are synthesised in vitro.

35
Q

Oncogene

A

An allele of a normal gene, called a proton-oncogene, that causes a cell to become cancerous.

36
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of an organism.

37
Q

Plasmid

A

Cytoplasmic, autonomously replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecules.

38
Q

Recessive

A

Genes are recessive if the phenotype that they code for is only expressed when the genes are homozygous.

39
Q

Recombination

A

The formation of a new combination of alleles as a result of independent segregation or crossing-over.

40
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes of rRNA and protein in cytoplasm that serves as a platform for translation of mRNA into protein.

41
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids formed using DNA as a template. Similar to DNA except it has ribose in place of deoxyribose, and it has uracil instead of thymine.

42
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA- the type of RNA found in ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.

43
Q

Somatic cells

A

All the cells of an organism except those of the germ line. Autosomes.

44
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of two members of a chromosome pair to disjoin during anaphase.

45
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme that synthesises DNA from an RNA template.

46
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of single stranded RNA by RNA transcriptase using DNA as a template. The process in the nucleus by which mRNA is transcribed from DNA.

47
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA- the type of RNA that facilitates the translation of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids. Contains anticodons that provide the molecular link between the codons of mRNA and the amino acid sequences of proteins.

48
Q

Translation

A

The process in ribosomes by which the codon sequence of mRNA is translated into polypeptides with the help of tRNA molecules.

Biology AQA (8 decks)

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