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genetics p1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetics and Chromosomes

A

Study of heredity; chromosomes are DNA structures carrying genes.

Example sentence: Genetics and chromosomes play a crucial role in determining inherited traits.

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2
Q

DNA Structure

A

Double helix made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous bases A, T, G, C).

Additional information: The DNA structure is essential for storing genetic information.

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3
Q

Asexual Reproduction (Interphase and Mitosis)

A

Reproduction from one parent; interphase prepares for division; mitosis divides the nucleus.

Example sentence: Asexual reproduction involves the division of cells without the need for a mate.

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4
Q

Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis)

A

Involves two parents; meiosis produces haploid gametes.

Example sentence: Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity through the combination of genetic material from two parents.

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5
Q

Crossing Over and Gametogenesis

A

Exchange of genetic material in meiosis; gametogenesis forms sperm (spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis).

Example sentence: Crossing over during meiosis results in genetic variation.

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6
Q

Sex Determination and Non-disjunction

A

Mechanism determining sex; non-disjunction is chromosome separation failure.

Example sentence: Sex determination is influenced by specific genes on the chromosomes.

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7
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Prenatal test sampling amniotic fluid for genetic analysis.

Example sentence: Amniocentesis is commonly used to detect genetic disorders in unborn babies.

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Single-parent reproduction, producing clones.

Example sentence: Asexual reproduction is common in plants like strawberries and potatoes.

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9
Q

Body/Somatic Cell

A

Non-reproductive cell in an organism.

Example sentence: Somatic cells make up the majority of cells in the human body.

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10
Q

Cell Plate

A

Forms during plant cell cytokinesis to divide cells.

Example sentence: The cell plate is crucial for the division of plant cells during cytokinesis.

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11
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

Prenatal test sampling placenta for genetic disorders.

Example sentence: Chorionic villus sampling is an invasive prenatal test that can detect genetic abnormalities early in pregnancy.

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA-protein complex that condenses into chromosomes.

Example sentence: Chromatin undergoes condensation to form visible chromosomes during cell division.

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13
Q

Chromosome

A

DNA structure with genetic information; humans have 46.

Example sentence: Each human cell typically contains 46 chromosomes.

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14
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

Indentation in animal cells during cytokinesis.

Example sentence: The cleavage furrow marks the site of cell division in animal cells.

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15
Q

Complementary Base Pair Rule

A

A pairs with T, G pairs with C in DNA.

Example sentence: The complementary base pair rule ensures accurate DNA replication.

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16
Q

Crossing Over

A

Genetic material exchange between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Example sentence: Crossing over increases genetic diversity by swapping genetic material between chromosomes.

17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm division following mitosis/meiosis.

Example: Cytokinesis ensures that the two daughter cells are separated after cell division.

18
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid / DNA

A

Molecule carrying genetic instructions.

DNA is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix structure.

19
Q

Diploid Cell

A

Cell with two chromosome sets (e.g., somatic cells).

Diploid cells have homologous pairs of chromosomes.

20
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive cell with a haploid set of chromosomes.

Gametes unite during fertilization to form a zygote.

21
Q

Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)

A

Formation of gametes (sperm and eggs).

Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, while oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.

22
Q

Gene

A

DNA segment encoding a trait.

Genes are responsible for determining an organism’s characteristics.

23
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Cell with one chromosome set (e.g., gametes).

Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes compared to diploid cells.

24
Q

Heredity

A

Trait transmission from parents to offspring.

Heredity involves the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next.

25
Q

Karyotype vs. Karyogram

A

Karyotype is chromosome count/type; karyogram is its visual representation.

A karyogram is created by arranging chromosomes by size, banding pattern, and other features.

26
Q

Locus

A

Specific gene location on a chromosome.

The locus of a gene can be identified using molecular techniques.

27
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division producing four haploid cells.

Meiosis involves two rounds of division to create genetically diverse gametes.

28
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division yielding two identical diploid cells.

Mitosis is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.

29
Q

Monosomy

A

One chromosome instead of a pair.

Monosomy can lead to genetic disorders such as Turner syndrome.

30
Q

Nitrogenous Base (A, T, G, C)

A

DNA building blocks (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine).

The pairing of nitrogenous bases forms the rungs of the DNA double helix.

31
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Chromosome separation failure during cell division.

Non-disjunction can result in aneuploidy, where cells have an abnormal number of chromosomes.

32
Q

Nucleotide

A

DNA/RNA building block (base, sugar, phosphate).

Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

33
Q

Polyploid

A

More than two chromosome sets.

Polyploidy is common in plants and can lead to increased genetic diversity.

34
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Fusion of gametes from two parents.

Sexual reproduction promotes genetic variation in offspring.

35
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of symptoms indicating a condition.

Certain genetic syndromes are caused by chromosomal abnormalities.

36
Q

Trait

A

Characteristic influenced by genetics.

Example: Eye color

37
Q

Trisomy

A

Three copies of a chromosome (e.g., Down syndrome).

Example: Trisomy 21

38
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg that develops into an embryo.

Example: Formation of a zygote after fertilization

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