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Histology Exam 1 > Genetics of Cancer > Flashcards

Genetics of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cancers derived from the lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphomas

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2
Q

Genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation

Genes that activate proliferation

Genes that participate in DNA repair

A

Characteristics of Cancer Genes

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3
Q

DNA sequence variants of the same gene present in a population

A

Allele

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4
Q

DNA alteration in the gametes that can be inherited from one generation to the next.

A

Germline mutation

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5
Q

T/F: The Rb mutation also displays reduced penetrance, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop a tumor

A

True

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6
Q

Cancers of the epithelial Cells

A

Carcinomas

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7
Q

Cancer cells induce______.

A

angiogenesis

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8
Q

Cancers derived from the glial cells of the CNS

A

Gliomas

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9
Q

tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are________.

A

inactivated(turned off).

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10
Q

RNA tumor viruses target ___

A

oncogenes

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11
Q

DNA tumor viruses target ____

A

tumor suppressor genes

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12
Q

Many cancers are maintained by a population of cancer ____ cells

A

Stem

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13
Q

a single gene trait

A

Simple trait

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14
Q

arising from a single cell

A

Clonal

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15
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma are the ____ type of breast cancer

A

noninvasive

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16
Q

_____ (product of the INK4 gene) is produced when cells are stressed and is an important component of the cell cycle arrest that should normally occur

A

p16 protein

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17
Q

T/F: Virus genomes can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can be linear or circular

A

True

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18
Q

gene that functions normally to slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes or induce apoptosis.

A

Tumor Suppressor

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19
Q

a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype only in the homozygous state

A

Recessive

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20
Q

The first viral oncogene was identified from _____

A

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)

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21
Q

______ consists of 2 identical copies of the HIV positive single- stranded RNA genome

A

HIV virus particle

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22
Q

the proportion (percentage) of individuals in a population who inherit a mutation that will display the associated phenotype.

A

Penetrance

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23
Q

gene that can promote formation of a tumor/cancer

A

Oncogene

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24
Q

A trait involving multiple genes and mutations

A

Multifactorial trait

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25
Q

A single ______ is not enough to cause cancer.

A

mutation

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26
Q

Cancers from white blood cells and their precursors

A

Leukemias

27
Q

____ is needed to create a DNA copy of the HIV genome

A

reverse transcriptase

28
Q

Knudson’s original hypothesis was that a person needed to acquire two mutant copies of the ____

A

Rb gene

29
Q

Most oncogenes have normal cellular homologs called ____ that functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.

A

proto-oncogenes

30
Q

Active _______ functions to arrest cell cycle, trigger senescence and apoptosis

A

p53

31
Q

The ____. protein is a “universal” cell cycle regulator; functions as a brake on cell cycle progression

A

Rb protein

32
Q

cancers from connective tissue or muscles

A

Sarcomas

33
Q

What are the common breast cancer genes?

A

BRAC1 and BRAC2

34
Q

a trait involving multiple genes and gene-environment interactions

A

Complex trait

35
Q

normal copy of an oncogene found in the cell that controls normal growth and cell division

A

Proto-oncogene

36
Q

Dominant, Recessive, Codominant

A

Single Gene Disorders

37
Q

T/F: ~15% of human cancers world-wide are thought to arise from mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria or parasites

A

True

38
Q

Cancer cells are less prone to undergo______.

A

apoptosis

39
Q

_______ are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die (apoptosisor programmed cell death)

A

Tumor supressor Genes

40
Q

Normal cell division + decreased apoptosis =

A

tumor

41
Q

____ and _____ are involved in colon cancer

A

APC and Wnt/B catenin pathway

42
Q

Cancer cells are defective in the control mechanisms that normally____ cell division

A

Halt

43
Q

cancer genes

A

Oncogene

44
Q

DNA alteration in a non-germline tissue/cell, which is not heritable.

A

Somatic mutation

45
Q

a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype when present in the homozygous or heterozygous state

A

Dominant

46
Q

______ are often genes that normally control what kind of cell it is and how often it grows and divides.

A

Proto-oncogenes

47
Q

epithelial ductal or lobular carcinomas are the ___ type of breast cancer

A

Invasive

48
Q

oncogenes result from the__________ of proto-oncogenes

A

activation (turning on)

49
Q

HIV infects ___ cells

A

CD+ T cells

50
Q

functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.

A

proto-oncogenes

51
Q

Cancer cells are more ________ _______ that normal cells

A

self-sufficient

52
Q

benign tumors of the cartilage

A

Chondromas

53
Q

Functions in environment sampling telling if it is ok to divide

A

Hormone Receptor Status

54
Q

Rearrangements/Translocations, Deletions, Insertions, Duplications

A

Chromosome Disorders

55
Q

T/F: Cancer cells are genetically unstable

A

True

56
Q

Increased Cell Division + normal apoptosis =

A

tumor

57
Q

Cancer cells are relatively_______ to anti-proliferative extracellular signals

A

insensitive

58
Q

Multiple genes, gene-environment

A

Multifactoral or Comples Genetic Diseases

59
Q

The process of growing new blood vessels.

A

Angiogenesis

60
Q

One mutant Rb allele is considered dominant at the level of the _____, but recessive at the level of the ____.

A

individual; cell

61
Q

What are the 2 types of viruses?

A

DNA and RNA viruses

62
Q

Benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization

A

Adenomas

63
Q

T/F: Mutations that inactivate the function of p16 or mutations in regulatory regions of the p16 gene that shutdown expression can also contribute to cancer.

A

True

64
Q

______ are mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell calledproto-oncogenes

A

Oncogenes

Histology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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