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Histology Exam 1 > Anticancer Therapy Radiation and Drugs > Flashcards

Anticancer Therapy Radiation and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

benign epithelial tumor

A

Adenoma

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2
Q

arise from cartilage

A

chondromas

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3
Q

They reproduce without regard to the normal restraints on cell growth and cell division

They invade and colonize areas normally reserved for other cells.

A

Properties of cancer cells

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4
Q

Caused by a chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome.

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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5
Q

cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many cells of the myeloid lineage.

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

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6
Q

used in the treatment of AML type M3, works by inducing the differentiation of the immature leukemic promyelocytes, which once they differentiate will then undergo apoptosis.

A

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)

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7
Q

_______ binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle

A

Vinblastine

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8
Q

Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

A

external beam therapy

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9
Q

Patients can develop blood clotting and bleeding problems.

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia M3

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10
Q

Includes children aged 1 to younger than 10 years who have a WBC count of less than 50,000/µL at diagnosis.

A

Standard Low Risk for ALL

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11
Q

cells that break out of their primary site and form secondary tumors at other sites

A

metastases

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12
Q

An inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. ______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links.

A

Cisplatin

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13
Q

This is the third phase of treatment. The goal is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may regrow and cause a relapse.

A

Maintenance Therapy

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14
Q

Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy

A

Internal Radiation Therapy

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15
Q

arise from connective tissue or muscle cells

A

sarcomas

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16
Q

______ binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Causes apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations.

A

Prednisolone

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17
Q

acquires the ability to invade surrounding tissue at which point it is has become malignant

A

cancerous tumors

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18
Q

Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy

A

internal radiation therapy

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19
Q

Radiation induces DNA damage, which leads to ___.

A

apoptosis

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20
Q

Better ability to precisely localize the radiation dosage and less damage to surrounding, healthy tissue.

A

Charged Particle or Photon Therapy

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21
Q

_______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links

A

Cisplatin

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22
Q

key transcription factor that regulates p21 gene expression

A

p53

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23
Q

The goal of drugs and radiation is to cause so much _____ to the tumor cells that it prevents further division and proliferation. This can often yield side effects on the healthy tissues.

A

damage

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24
Q

derive from lymphatic tissue

A

lympomas

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25
Q

Fever; foul smelling urine; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint, dark-red spots under the skin caused by bleeding); bone or joint pain; painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach or groin; pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs; weakness, feeling tired, or looking pale; loss of appetite.

A

Signs and Symptoms of ALL

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26
Q

A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, ________ enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.

A

prednisolone

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27
Q

a tumor that grows in size and cell number without invading other tissues

A

Benign

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28
Q

cancerous cells that colonize a secondary tissue site distinct from the primary tumor (site)

A

Metastasis:

29
Q

Leukemia that has a spectrum of chromosomal changes.

A

AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia

30
Q

Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area

A

External Beam Therapy

31
Q

chemotherapy drug that intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis

A

Doxorubicin (adriamycin)

32
Q

_______ is a treatment designed to induce, enhance or suppress the immune response. Designed to stimulate a person’s own immune response to destroy cancer cells that have escaped normal immune surveillance

A

Immunotherapy

33
Q

benign tumor from cartilage

A

Chondroma

34
Q

Includes children younger than 1 year or 10 years and older and children who have a white blood cell count of 50,000/µL or more at diagnosis.

A

High Risk

35
Q

chemotherapy drug forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA;

A

Bleomycin sulfate

36
Q

derive from the glial cells of the CNS

A

Gliomas

37
Q

Bone marrow produces too many immature lymphocytes (at the expense of other blood cell types).

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

38
Q

neoplastic cells do not become invasive

A

benign

39
Q

refers to a tumor or abnormal cells that grow and proliferates

A

Neoplastic

40
Q

This is the first phase of treatment. The goal is to kill the leukemia cellsin the blood and bone marrow. This puts the leukemia into remission

A

Induction Therapy

41
Q

Overproduction of myeloid cells in the bone marrow, results from a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 that generates a fusion protein of the BCR and ABL genes that has a tyrosine kinase activity. Today it is treated with the drug Gleevec and has a >95% survival rate.

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML

42
Q

The sulfate salt of a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn with antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. ______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase

A

Vincristine

43
Q

______ binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses

A

Methotrexate

44
Q

Cdk inhibitor protein (like p27)

A

p21

45
Q

This is the second phase of therapy. It begins once the leukemia is in remission. The goal of consolidation/intensification therapy is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse.

A

Consolidation/ Intensification Therapy

46
Q

______ forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA

A

Bleomycin

47
Q

What is the main treatmetn method used for AML (Acute Myeloid

A

ATRA (Anthracycline)

48
Q

cancer deriving from the glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Glioma

49
Q

cancers arising from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

50
Q 
Radiation exposure 
UV light from the sun
Chemicals (carcinogens)
Life-style (smoking, certain diets)
Viruses (EBV, HIV, HPV)
A

potential risk factors for cancer

51
Q

_____ is a key mechanism in the cellular response to DNA damage.

A

P53

52
Q

works either by direct ionization of atoms in the DNA chain or indirectly by ionization of water to form hydroxyl radicals that can then damage DNA.

A

Photon Therapy (Xray or Gamma Rays)

53
Q

cancer deriving from the white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)

A

Leukemia

54
Q

derive from white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)

A

Leukemias

55
Q

a tumor that is considered cancerous because it has the ability to invade surrounding tissue

A

Malignant:

56
Q

cancers arising from connective tissues or muscle cells

A

Sarcoma

57
Q

_________ intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis.

A

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)

58
Q

cancer deriving from lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphomas

59
Q

The overall incidence of cancer increases with ____.

A

age

60
Q

Down syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Neurofibramatosis, Schwachman Syndrome

A

RISK FACTORS OF ALL

61
Q

are classified according to the tissue or cell type from which they originated

A

Malignant Tissues and Benign tissues

62
Q

are cancers arising from epithelial cells

A

Carcinomas

63
Q

also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids;

A

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)

64
Q

_______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase

A

Vincristine

65
Q

cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many immature lymphocytes.

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

66
Q

benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization

A

Adenomas

67
Q

_____ characterized by increased production/growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow that then circulate in the blood

A

Leukemia

68
Q

are abnormal cells that grow (increases in mass) and proliferate (divides).

A

Tumors or Neoplasms

69
Q

uses a particle accelerator to beam high-energy particles (protons or carbon, boron or neon nuclei).

A

Charged Particle or Photon Therapy

Histology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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