Genetics of Cancer Flashcards
Cancers derived from the lymphatic tissue
Lymphomas
Genes that normally inhibit cellular proliferation
Genes that activate proliferation
Genes that participate in DNA repair
Characteristics of Cancer Genes
DNA sequence variants of the same gene present in a population
Allele
DNA alteration in the gametes that can be inherited from one generation to the next.
Germline mutation
T/F: The Rb mutation also displays reduced penetrance, only about 90% of individuals who inherit the mutant allele experience a second hit and develop a tumor
True
Cancers of the epithelial Cells
Carcinomas
Cancer cells induce______.
angiogenesis
Cancers derived from the glial cells of the CNS
Gliomas
tumor suppressor genes cause cancer when they are________.
inactivated(turned off).
RNA tumor viruses target ___
oncogenes
DNA tumor viruses target ____
tumor suppressor genes
Many cancers are maintained by a population of cancer ____ cells
Stem
a single gene trait
Simple trait
arising from a single cell
Clonal
ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma are the ____ type of breast cancer
noninvasive
_____ (product of the INK4 gene) is produced when cells are stressed and is an important component of the cell cycle arrest that should normally occur
p16 protein
T/F: Virus genomes can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can be linear or circular
True
gene that functions normally to slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes or induce apoptosis.
Tumor Suppressor
a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype only in the homozygous state
Recessive
The first viral oncogene was identified from _____
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)
______ consists of 2 identical copies of the HIV positive single- stranded RNA genome
HIV virus particle
the proportion (percentage) of individuals in a population who inherit a mutation that will display the associated phenotype.
Penetrance
gene that can promote formation of a tumor/cancer
Oncogene
A trait involving multiple genes and mutations
Multifactorial trait
A single ______ is not enough to cause cancer.
mutation
Cancers from white blood cells and their precursors
Leukemias
____ is needed to create a DNA copy of the HIV genome
reverse transcriptase
Knudson’s original hypothesis was that a person needed to acquire two mutant copies of the ____
Rb gene
Most oncogenes have normal cellular homologs called ____ that functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.
proto-oncogenes
Active _______ functions to arrest cell cycle, trigger senescence and apoptosis
p53
The ____. protein is a “universal” cell cycle regulator; functions as a brake on cell cycle progression
Rb protein
cancers from connective tissue or muscles
Sarcomas
What are the common breast cancer genes?
BRAC1 and BRAC2
a trait involving multiple genes and gene-environment interactions
Complex trait
normal copy of an oncogene found in the cell that controls normal growth and cell division
Proto-oncogene
Dominant, Recessive, Codominant
Single Gene Disorders
T/F: ~15% of human cancers world-wide are thought to arise from mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria or parasites
True
Cancer cells are less prone to undergo______.
apoptosis
_______ are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die (apoptosisor programmed cell death)
Tumor supressor Genes
Normal cell division + decreased apoptosis =
tumor
____ and _____ are involved in colon cancer
APC and Wnt/B catenin pathway
Cancer cells are defective in the control mechanisms that normally____ cell division
Halt
cancer genes
Oncogene
DNA alteration in a non-germline tissue/cell, which is not heritable.
Somatic mutation
a mutation/allele/gene that produces a phenotype when present in the homozygous or heterozygous state
Dominant
______ are often genes that normally control what kind of cell it is and how often it grows and divides.
Proto-oncogenes
epithelial ductal or lobular carcinomas are the ___ type of breast cancer
Invasive
oncogenes result from the__________ of proto-oncogenes
activation (turning on)
HIV infects ___ cells
CD+ T cells
functions as regulators of cell growth and include growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction molecules and transcription factors.
proto-oncogenes
Cancer cells are more ________ _______ that normal cells
self-sufficient
benign tumors of the cartilage
Chondromas
Functions in environment sampling telling if it is ok to divide
Hormone Receptor Status
Rearrangements/Translocations, Deletions, Insertions, Duplications
Chromosome Disorders
T/F: Cancer cells are genetically unstable
True
Increased Cell Division + normal apoptosis =
tumor
Cancer cells are relatively_______ to anti-proliferative extracellular signals
insensitive
Multiple genes, gene-environment
Multifactoral or Comples Genetic Diseases
The process of growing new blood vessels.
Angiogenesis
One mutant Rb allele is considered dominant at the level of the _____, but recessive at the level of the ____.
individual; cell
What are the 2 types of viruses?
DNA and RNA viruses
Benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization
Adenomas
T/F: Mutations that inactivate the function of p16 or mutations in regulatory regions of the p16 gene that shutdown expression can also contribute to cancer.
True
______ are mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell calledproto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
