Anticancer Therapy Radiation and Drugs Flashcards
benign epithelial tumor
Adenoma
arise from cartilage
chondromas
They reproduce without regard to the normal restraints on cell growth and cell division
They invade and colonize areas normally reserved for other cells.
Properties of cancer cells
Caused by a chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many cells of the myeloid lineage.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
used in the treatment of AML type M3, works by inducing the differentiation of the immature leukemic promyelocytes, which once they differentiate will then undergo apoptosis.
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
_______ binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation, resulting in disruption of mitotic spindle assembly and arrest of tumor cells in the M phase of the cell cycle
Vinblastine
Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area
external beam therapy
Patients can develop blood clotting and bleeding problems.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia M3
Includes children aged 1 to younger than 10 years who have a WBC count of less than 50,000/µL at diagnosis.
Standard Low Risk for ALL
cells that break out of their primary site and form secondary tumors at other sites
metastases
An inorganic platinum agent (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) with antineoplastic activity. ______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links.
Cisplatin
This is the third phase of treatment. The goal is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may regrow and cause a relapse.
Maintenance Therapy
Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy
Internal Radiation Therapy
arise from connective tissue or muscle cells
sarcomas
______ binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production. Causes apoptosis in sensitive tumor cell populations.
Prednisolone
acquires the ability to invade surrounding tissue at which point it is has become malignant
cancerous tumors
Radioisotope given internally, radiation generally only travels a short distance depending upon the isotope and its energy
internal radiation therapy
Radiation induces DNA damage, which leads to ___.
apoptosis
Better ability to precisely localize the radiation dosage and less damage to surrounding, healthy tissue.
Charged Particle or Photon Therapy
_______ forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links
Cisplatin
key transcription factor that regulates p21 gene expression
p53
The goal of drugs and radiation is to cause so much _____ to the tumor cells that it prevents further division and proliferation. This can often yield side effects on the healthy tissues.
damage
derive from lymphatic tissue
lympomas
Fever; foul smelling urine; easy bruising or bleeding; petechiae (flat, pinpoint, dark-red spots under the skin caused by bleeding); bone or joint pain; painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach or groin; pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs; weakness, feeling tired, or looking pale; loss of appetite.
Signs and Symptoms of ALL
A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. After cell surface receptor attachment and cell entry, ________ enters the nucleus where it binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in an altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production.
prednisolone
a tumor that grows in size and cell number without invading other tissues
Benign
cancerous cells that colonize a secondary tissue site distinct from the primary tumor (site)
Metastasis:
Leukemia that has a spectrum of chromosomal changes.
AML Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Uses a machine to send high energy beams from outside the body to the tumor area
External Beam Therapy
chemotherapy drug that intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis
Doxorubicin (adriamycin)
_______ is a treatment designed to induce, enhance or suppress the immune response. Designed to stimulate a person’s own immune response to destroy cancer cells that have escaped normal immune surveillance
Immunotherapy
benign tumor from cartilage
Chondroma
Includes children younger than 1 year or 10 years and older and children who have a white blood cell count of 50,000/µL or more at diagnosis.
High Risk
chemotherapy drug forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA;
Bleomycin sulfate
derive from the glial cells of the CNS
Gliomas
Bone marrow produces too many immature lymphocytes (at the expense of other blood cell types).
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
neoplastic cells do not become invasive
benign
refers to a tumor or abnormal cells that grow and proliferates
Neoplastic
This is the first phase of treatment. The goal is to kill the leukemia cellsin the blood and bone marrow. This puts the leukemia into remission
Induction Therapy
Overproduction of myeloid cells in the bone marrow, results from a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 that generates a fusion protein of the BCR and ABL genes that has a tyrosine kinase activity. Today it is treated with the drug Gleevec and has a >95% survival rate.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML
The sulfate salt of a natural alkaloid isolated from the plant Vinca rosea Linn with antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. ______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase
Vincristine
______ binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses
Methotrexate
Cdk inhibitor protein (like p27)
p21
This is the second phase of therapy. It begins once the leukemia is in remission. The goal of consolidation/intensification therapy is to kill any remaining leukemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse.
Consolidation/ Intensification Therapy
______ forms complexes with iron that reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals which cause single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA
Bleomycin
What is the main treatmetn method used for AML (Acute Myeloid
ATRA (Anthracycline)
cancer deriving from the glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS)
Glioma
cancers arising from epithelial cells
Carcinoma
Radiation exposure UV light from the sun Chemicals (carcinogens) Life-style (smoking, certain diets) Viruses (EBV, HIV, HPV)
potential risk factors for cancer
_____ is a key mechanism in the cellular response to DNA damage.
P53
works either by direct ionization of atoms in the DNA chain or indirectly by ionization of water to form hydroxyl radicals that can then damage DNA.
Photon Therapy (Xray or Gamma Rays)
cancer deriving from the white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)
Leukemia
derive from white blood cells and their precursors (hematopoietic cells)
Leukemias
a tumor that is considered cancerous because it has the ability to invade surrounding tissue
Malignant:
cancers arising from connective tissues or muscle cells
Sarcoma
_________ intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix, thereby preventing DNA replication and ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis.
Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)
cancer deriving from lymphatic tissue
Lymphomas
The overall incidence of cancer increases with ____.
age
Down syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Neurofibramatosis, Schwachman Syndrome
RISK FACTORS OF ALL
are classified according to the tissue or cell type from which they originated
Malignant Tissues and Benign tissues
are cancers arising from epithelial cells
Carcinomas
also forms oxygen free radicals resulting in cytotoxicity secondary to lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids;
Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin)
_______ binds irreversibly to microtubules and spindle proteins in S phase of the cell cycle and interferes with the formation of the mitotic spindle, thereby arresting tumor cells in metaphase
Vincristine
cancer involving the bone marrow, which produces too many immature lymphocytes.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
benign epithelial tumors with glandular organization
Adenomas
_____ characterized by increased production/growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow that then circulate in the blood
Leukemia
are abnormal cells that grow (increases in mass) and proliferate (divides).
Tumors or Neoplasms
uses a particle accelerator to beam high-energy particles (protons or carbon, boron or neon nuclei).
Charged Particle or Photon Therapy
