Genetics, gene expression, and replication

Question 1

does bacteria really grow? If not what process/mechanism does it go through? explain the process/mechanism

Answer 1

bacteria goes through binary fission, this means there is growth and then it divides making it seem like it grows

Question 2

what is sporulation when thinking of microbes?

Answer 2

a mechanism where bacteria can create “backups” for harsh conditions

Question 3

what is it called when microbes grow in mass?

Answer 3

Biofilm

Question 4

what is quorum sensing

Answer 4

allows bacteria to communicate about whats happening in the surroundings

Question 5

what is nucleic acid and its purpose

Answer 5

its a macromolecule and stores information

Question 6

which one is deoxyribose and which is ribose? DNA and RNA

Answer 6

DNA is deoxyribose and RNA is ribose(like ribosome protein)

Question 7

what is one difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes regarding DNA ( storage, expression, etc)?

Answer 7

one difference is the presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes and DNA’s multiple chromosomes

Question 8

whats central dogma

Answer 8

DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 9

whats transcription

Answer 9

DNA is a template for making RNA

Question 10

whats the most common method of reproduction for bacteria?

Answer 10

reproduction asexually

Question 11

what is vertical gene transfer

Answer 11

genes passed by replication to progeny

Question 12

what is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 12

genes passed by transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 13

in HGT what is transformation, conjugation and transduction.

Answer 13

transformation- live cells pick up cells from environment
conjugation- Live cells receive DNA from a living donor cell
transduction-Live cells receive DNA from a phage (non-living donor)

Question 14

what is bacteria trying to achieve when using HGT

Answer 14

genetic diversity

Question 15

is it a good idea to sterilize our environment

Answer 15

no it would get rid of neccesarry bacteria

Question 16

True or False: All antibiotics work by interrupting processes or destroying structures that kill bacteria (and some protists).

Answer 16

Antibiotics can be bacteriostatic (inhibiting growth) or bactericidal (actually killing the cells)

Question 17

onwhat are Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)

Answer 17

resistant to multiple antimicrobials

Question 18

what is cross resistance?

Answer 18

a single resistance mechanism (such as an efflux pump) works against different types of drugs.

Question 19

what are ESKAPE pathogens

Answer 19

difficult to treat, and cause a large number of nosocomial infections (infections you get in the hospital)

Question 20

what are some examples of violation of central dogma?

Answer 20

reverse transcription, RNA Replication, Prions, Non coding RNA

Question 21

How do we use the presence of enzymes and other biochemical aspects of microbes in clinical applications?

Answer 21

diagnosing infections, monitoring health, developing vaccines.

Question 22

what is the lag phase when thinking of stage of growth

Answer 22

microbes get ready to grow but there is no significant increase in population

Question 23

what is the log phase when thinking of state of growth?

Answer 23

there is rapid exponential growth due to lack of competition and abundant resources

Question 24

what is the stationary phase when thinking of state of growth

Answer 24

the growth of population declines and remains steady the amount of cells coming equals amount of dying cells making it steady.

Question 25

what is the death phase when thinking of state of growth?

Answer 25

microbial population declines

Question 26

What is the difference between sterilizing, disinfecting, and sanitizing?

Answer 26

sanitizing lowers level of germs to a safe level, disinfecting gets rid of majority, sterilization gets rid of them all

Question 27

What is selective toxicity? How is it achieved?

Answer 27

it targets harmful microorganisms and keeps healthy ones. it can target specific receptors

Question 28

whats the difference between a superbug and superinfection

Answer 28

superinfection is when a new infection occurs and you already have an infection.
superbug is harder to kill and has been there for a while