Genetics, gene expression, and replication Flashcards
(29 cards)
does bacteria really grow? If not what process/mechanism does it go through? explain the process/mechanism
bacteria goes through binary fission, this means there is growth and then it divides making it seem like it grows
what is sporulation when thinking of microbes?
a mechanism where bacteria can create “backups” for harsh conditions
what is it called when microbes grow in mass?
Biofilm
what is quorum sensing
allows bacteria to communicate about whats happening in the surroundings
what is nucleic acid and its purpose
its a macromolecule and stores information
which one is deoxyribose and which is ribose? DNA and RNA
DNA is deoxyribose and RNA is ribose(like ribosome protein)
what is one difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes regarding DNA ( storage, expression, etc)?
one difference is the presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes and DNA’s multiple chromosomes
whats central dogma
DNA to RNA to proteins
whats transcription
DNA is a template for making RNA
whats the most common method of reproduction for bacteria?
reproduction asexually
what is vertical gene transfer
genes passed by replication to progeny
what is horizontal gene transfer
genes passed by transformation, conjugation, transduction
in HGT what is transformation, conjugation and transduction.
transformation- live cells pick up cells from environment
conjugation- Live cells receive DNA from a living donor cell
transduction-Live cells receive DNA from a phage (non-living donor)
what is bacteria trying to achieve when using HGT
genetic diversity
is it a good idea to sterilize our environment
no it would get rid of neccesarry bacteria
True or False: All antibiotics work by interrupting processes or destroying structures that kill bacteria (and some protists).
Antibiotics can be bacteriostatic (inhibiting growth) or bactericidal (actually killing the cells)
onwhat are Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)
resistant to multiple antimicrobials
what is cross resistance?
a single resistance mechanism (such as an efflux pump) works against different types of drugs.
what are ESKAPE pathogens
difficult to treat, and cause a large number of nosocomial infections (infections you get in the hospital)
what are some examples of violation of central dogma?
reverse transcription, RNA Replication, Prions, Non coding RNA
How do we use the presence of enzymes and other biochemical aspects of microbes in clinical applications?
diagnosing infections, monitoring health, developing vaccines.
what is the lag phase when thinking of stage of growth
microbes get ready to grow but there is no significant increase in population
what is the log phase when thinking of state of growth?
there is rapid exponential growth due to lack of competition and abundant resources
what is the stationary phase when thinking of state of growth
the growth of population declines and remains steady the amount of cells coming equals amount of dying cells making it steady.
