Genetics Final Flashcards
True-breeding
if Plants are allowed to self pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves; making them true-breeding
Hybrid
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Genes
The chemical factors that determine traits
Phenotype
Physical characteristic
Genotype
Genetic makeup
Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completely dominant over the other “blend/mix”
Codominance
Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Spotted cows
Polygenic
traits that are controlled by two or more genes
Homologous
That each of the four chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent
Diploid
cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
not sexually reproducing
Haploid
Cells that only contain a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
(sexually reproducing)
tetrad
X
(the “normal” shape of a chromosome”)
Four chromatids in one
Transformation
When one strain of bacteria had apparently been changed into another
DNA is the transforming factor
Bacteriophage
The one kind of virus that infects and kills bacteria
Nucleotides
Make up DNA
Nucleotides are made of
a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nitrogenous bases
A G T C
A and G are in the group
purines
C and T
in pyrimidines
purines
one ring in their structures
larger
Pyrimidines
two rings
Back bone of DNA chain
Sugar and phosphate groups
Chargaff’s Rules
A with T
G with C
Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction
structure
Eukaryotic
Humans etc
Replication
Befor a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process
mRNA
RNA molecules that carry instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins
rRNA
proteins are assembled on ribosomes
tRNA
Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA
Transcription
Being part of the nucleic sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA
Transcription requires
RNA polymerase
Introns
The large pieces of RNA molecules that are removed before it can become functional
Extrons
the remaining pieces
Codon
each 3letter “word” of DNA and RNA
Translation
Decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)
Hox genes
Control the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo
Selective breeding
Allowing only those animals with the desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Hybridization
Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
mutations are the
Ultimate source of genetic variability
Polyploid
Plants with double or triple the normal number of chromosomes
DNA replication
copying DNA
autosomal
not sex chromosome
Recombinant
combining of two genes from different organisms
Transformation (plasmids)
Throw a bunch of plasmid at bacteria hope it takes it in
What bond are nucleotides joined by
phosphodiester
What enzyme is unzipping done
Helicase
What proteins coming to keep the DNA from reforming it’s double helix
Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)
What is used to connect free bases in the nuclear us to the exposed bases
DNA polymerase
5’ to 3’
DNA polymerase 3
builds dna
DNA polymerase 1
Removes primers and inserts DNA into that gap
also repairs DNA
DNA ligase
Forms the phosphodiester bonds between the unattached nucleotides
Steps of protein synthesis
- Unzip DNA
- Make messenger RNA (mRNA)
- mRNA goes to ribosomes
Peiotropy
The inheritance pattern of usually getting genes that are near each other
What is the only known sex chromosomes monosomy in humans
Turner Syndrome
Transformation refers to
The transporting of a human gene into a bacterial cell
