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Bio Honors 2018 > Genetics Final > Flashcards

Genetics Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True-breeding

A

if Plants are allowed to self pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves; making them true-breeding

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2
Q

Hybrid

A

The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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3
Q

Genes

A

The chemical factors that determine traits

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristic

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5
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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6
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

One allele is not completely dominant over the other “blend/mix”

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7
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism

Spotted cows

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8
Q

Polygenic

A

traits that are controlled by two or more genes

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9
Q

Homologous

A

That each of the four chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent

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10
Q

Diploid

A

cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

not sexually reproducing

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11
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that only contain a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
(sexually reproducing)

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12
Q

tetrad

A

X
(the “normal” shape of a chromosome”)
Four chromatids in one

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13
Q

Transformation

A

When one strain of bacteria had apparently been changed into another
DNA is the transforming factor

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14
Q

Bacteriophage

A

The one kind of virus that infects and kills bacteria

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15
Q

Nucleotides

A

Make up DNA

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16
Q

Nucleotides are made of

A

a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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17
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

A G T C

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18
Q

A and G are in the group

A

purines

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19
Q

C and T

A

in pyrimidines

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20
Q

purines

A

one ring in their structures

larger

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21
Q

Pyrimidines

A

two rings

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22
Q

Back bone of DNA chain

A

Sugar and phosphate groups

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23
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A

A with T

G with C

24
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

X-ray diffraction

structure

25
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Humans etc

26
Q

Replication

A

Befor a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process

27
Q

mRNA

A

RNA molecules that carry instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins

28
Q

rRNA

A

proteins are assembled on ribosomes

29
Q

tRNA

A

Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA

30
Q

Transcription

A

Being part of the nucleic sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA

31
Q

Transcription requires

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

Introns

A

The large pieces of RNA molecules that are removed before it can become functional

33
Q

Extrons

A

the remaining pieces

34
Q

Codon

A

each 3letter “word” of DNA and RNA

35
Q

Translation

A

Decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

36
Q

Hox genes

A

Control the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of the embryo

37
Q

Selective breeding

A

Allowing only those animals with the desired characteristics to produce the next generation

38
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

39
Q

mutations are the

A

Ultimate source of genetic variability

40
Q

Polyploid

A

Plants with double or triple the normal number of chromosomes

41
Q

DNA replication

A

copying DNA

42
Q

autosomal

A

not sex chromosome

43
Q

Recombinant

A

combining of two genes from different organisms

44
Q

Transformation (plasmids)

A

Throw a bunch of plasmid at bacteria hope it takes it in

45
Q

What bond are nucleotides joined by

A

phosphodiester

46
Q

What enzyme is unzipping done

A

Helicase

47
Q

What proteins coming to keep the DNA from reforming it’s double helix

A

Single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)

48
Q

What is used to connect free bases in the nuclear us to the exposed bases

A

DNA polymerase

5’ to 3’

49
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

builds dna

50
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

Removes primers and inserts DNA into that gap

also repairs DNA

51
Q

DNA ligase

A

Forms the phosphodiester bonds between the unattached nucleotides

52
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Unzip DNA
  2. Make messenger RNA (mRNA)
  3. mRNA goes to ribosomes
53
Q

Peiotropy

A

The inheritance pattern of usually getting genes that are near each other

54
Q

What is the only known sex chromosomes monosomy in humans

A

Turner Syndrome

55
Q

Transformation refers to

A

The transporting of a human gene into a bacterial cell

Bio Honors 2018 (5 decks)

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